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"content": "\u003cp>On the San Francisco Bay waterfront, Oksana Demidenko walks through Rosie the Riveter Memorial Park, looking at photos of the female factory workers who built World War II Liberty ships here in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard work, very physical work,” says Demidenko, 56, a Ukrainian nurse who came to California to escape the Russian bombardment of Kiev in 2022. She says “the Rosies” remind her of the women helping the war effort in Ukraine. “Rosie the Riveter, from the start of the war, she inspired people in Ukraine. She was in chats, blogs, everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking with her is Mary Wogec, a public health administrator who sponsored Demidenko through a humanitarian program called \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/ukraine\">\u003cu>Uniting for Ukraine\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, and invited her — and her four cats — to live in her home. Wogec says she signed up to be a sponsor after watching Ukrainians fleeing as the Russian invasion unfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t imagine having my life uprooted like that,” she says. “[But] what I’ve seen, first of all, is amazing resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Demidenko was granted \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian-archived/temporary-protected-status\">\u003cu>Temporary Protected Status\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, known as TPS by the U.S. It provides a shield from deportation, and a work permit, although it doesn’t represent permanent legal status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although aching over having to leave her mother behind in Ukraine, Demidenko says she feels welcome in the U.S. — and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with President-elect Donald Trump returning to the White House next month, Demidenko is worried her protection could soon end. Trump has vowed a massive deportation campaign and sharp immigration restrictions, including slashing the TPS program, as he tried to do during his first term at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019641\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oksana Demidenko hangs traditional Ukrainian embroidered shirts above her closet at her home in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. Hanging from the closet is a sign made by her sponsor, Mary Wogec, welcoming her and her cats to the United States. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Everybody now, we don’t know if we have a future or not,” says Demidenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is one of \u003ca href=\"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/homesec/RS20844.pdf\">\u003cu>nearly 900,000 people from 16 countries, including 50,000 from Ukraine\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, with Temporary Protected Status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/358\">\u003cu>established by Congress as part of the Immigration Act of 1990\u003c/u>\u003c/a> for immigrants living in the U.S. whose home countries are experiencing armed conflict, natural disasters or other “extraordinary conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Democratic and Republican administrations have offered TPS to people from countries in crisis. Protections last from six to 18 months and the government can renew them — or terminate them — depending on country conditions. Unless it’s renewed,\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status/TPS-Ukraine\">\u003cu> TPS for people from Ukraine will end on April 19, 2025\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trump team signals plan to end TPS designations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In an Oct. 2 interview with News Nation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/2024-election/trump-springfield-haitian-migrants-removed/\">\u003cu>Trump said he would revoke TPS for Haitians\u003c/u>\u003c/a> and deport them, after amplifying false rumors that Haitian immigrants in Springfield, OH, were eating their neighbors’ pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incoming Vice President J.D. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/us/politics/vance-haitian-immigrants-illegal.html\">\u003cu>Vance called Haitians with TPS “illegal aliens.”\u003c/u>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Theresa Cardinal Brown, an immigration analyst with the Bipartisan Policy Center, says people with TPS are living in the U.S. legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you get TPS status, that is a government authorization for you to stay,” she said. The Trump transition team did not respond to NPR’s requests for comment about plans to change the TPS program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump advisers maintain that the program is being misused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the election in November, the man Trump picked as his ‘border czar,’ \u003ca href=\"https://whkradio.com/radioshow/strictly-speaking\">\u003cu>Thomas Homan, told Cleveland talk radio host Bob Frantz\u003c/u>\u003c/a> that the administration needs to take a “hard” approach to ending TPS designations and sending people back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019642\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019642\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Wogec (left) and Oksana Demidenko look through books about traditional Ukrainian embroidery at their home in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Temporary protected status is at the approval of the Secretary of Homeland Security. That could end tomorrow. And if TPS ends, they’re gonna be removable,” he said. “Temporary means temporary. Whatever reason [why] you got temporary protected status — maybe it’s a hurricane in your homeland, maybe war in your homeland — but [when] this situation clears up, you need to go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says returning people to shattered countries is challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What capacity do those countries have to accept those repatriations and reintegrate those people into the economy again? I think about a place like Haiti,” which descended into chaos after the president was assassinated in 2021, she said. “Another question is, for example, a country like Venezuela, which will not take back its citizens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incoming president could go to Congress, which has the power to repeal TPS entirely. But Brown thinks it’s unlikely this will happen given the fact that Republicans hold such slim majorities in the House and Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edward Alden, who studies immigration as a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, expects the incoming Trump administration to do whatever it can to restrict programs such as TPS, DACA and humanitarian parole, as part of his broader plan to limit immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to come out of the gate with some really, really aggressive strategies. And I think this is going to be on a scale that none of us in our lifetimes has ever seen before,” he said. “There may be some constraints in the courts. TPS will clearly end up back there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019645\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oksana Demidenko brushes her cat Java while watching updates about the war in Ukraine at their home in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Teen helped preserve TPS in Trump’s first term\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Trump’s first term,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136641841/temporary-protected-status-extended-trump-biden\">\u003cu> he sought to revoke the program for around 300,000 immigrants from six countries\u003c/u>\u003c/a>. But he was blocked in the courts. The main challenge, a 2018 case known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclusocal.org/en/cases/ramos-v-nielsen\">\u003cu>Ramos v. Nielsen\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, came from a group of TPS beneficiaries and their U.S.-born children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lawsuit, plaintiffs argued the spirit of the law allows the government to consider current conditions on the ground, not just whether the original crisis that led to TPS had been resolved, as the Trump administration was asserting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the issue could be decided definitively, President Joe \u003ca href=\"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2022-24984.pdf\">\u003cu>Biden restored TPS for everyone affected\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, and the lawsuit was dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crista Ramos was 14 when she and her Salvadoran-born mother \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11714388/california-teen-leads-suit-to-keep-hundreds-of-thousands-of-immigrants-in-u-s\">\u003cu>became lead plaintiffs in the suit\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Ramos is 20, studying politics at the University of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent evening, she sits at a picnic table with her mother, while her brother practices soccer. She says she joined the lawsuit to make the case that rescinding TPS not only affects the beneficiaries, but their families as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Throughout my high school, that was always in the back of my head: Was my family going to be able to stick together?” Ramos says. “That was a stress that was on me and so many children like me. We could lose our parents at any point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mother, Cristina Morales, 44, is an educator who works with autistic children. She came to California as a teenager three decades ago and put down roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a homeowner. My kids are in college. My husband and I, we’ve been together since high school,” she said. “Being under TPS protected me. But then I learned the hard way… this is a temporary status.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because she first entered illegally, Morales has no path to citizenship. Instead, she clings to the hope the government will renew her TPS every 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with Trump returning to the White House, Ramos fears her mother is again at risk of deportation. She came of age in one legal battle, and says she’s bracing to defend TPS again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For me, it’s not even sadness. It’s just anger that we have to relive this traumatic experience again,” Ramos says. “But I want to turn that anger into change, to fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making a home in California amid uncertainty\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the Richmond waterfront park, Demidenko marvels at the flowers growing in December. She’s feeling more at home in California, with visits to the redwoods, the coastline along Highway 1 and the state capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019647\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oksana Demidenko takes a photo on her phone of flowers at Marina Bay Park in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And she says she loves her job as a technician in a state public health laboratory, tracking respiratory viruses like avian flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very interesting,” she says. “I love it because I can help the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Demidenko first arrived in the country, she planned to apply for a nursing license. But in talking with Wogec, who also works in public health, she learned that California has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OSPHLD/LFS/Pages/CLTAC-Lab-Workforce-Subcommittee-Report-2022.aspx\">\u003cu>shortage of clinical laboratory scientists\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_12016037,news_12015876,news_12015449\"]“I told her a little bit about it and she said, ‘I always wanted to work in a laboratory,” says Wogec. “Her grandfather was a famous scientist in Ukraine. … And she said, ‘When I was a little girl, I would go to my grandfather’s lab and I love labs.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the sun sparkling on the water of the bay and pleasure boats motoring by, the bombings in Ukraine seem far away. But Demidenko says the fear she felt, huddling on the floor of her hallway in Kiev as air raid sirens wailed, remains vivid. It still jolts her awake some nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You haven’t time to go to a shelter, because first it’s a rocket and after that [you hear the] sirens,” she says. “Nobody’s safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wogec says the TPS holders she knows are hardworking people contributing to this country, and the government should find a way to keep them here legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t even imagine that the United States would send people back to Ukraine or Afghanistan. Not to mention Nicaragua or Haiti,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Demidenko says she’s turning Wogec’s garage into a workshop for making natural soaps. That was her hobby in Ukraine, but now she’s thinking a soap business could be a backup if she loses her work permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll start my business,” she says, “because maybe it’ll give me a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Immigrants With Temporary Protected Status Fear Deportation as Trump Returns | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the San Francisco Bay waterfront, Oksana Demidenko walks through Rosie the Riveter Memorial Park, looking at photos of the female factory workers who built World War II Liberty ships here in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard work, very physical work,” says Demidenko, 56, a Ukrainian nurse who came to California to escape the Russian bombardment of Kiev in 2022. She says “the Rosies” remind her of the women helping the war effort in Ukraine. “Rosie the Riveter, from the start of the war, she inspired people in Ukraine. She was in chats, blogs, everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking with her is Mary Wogec, a public health administrator who sponsored Demidenko through a humanitarian program called \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/ukraine\">\u003cu>Uniting for Ukraine\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, and invited her — and her four cats — to live in her home. Wogec says she signed up to be a sponsor after watching Ukrainians fleeing as the Russian invasion unfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just can’t imagine having my life uprooted like that,” she says. “[But] what I’ve seen, first of all, is amazing resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Demidenko was granted \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian-archived/temporary-protected-status\">\u003cu>Temporary Protected Status\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, known as TPS by the U.S. It provides a shield from deportation, and a work permit, although it doesn’t represent permanent legal status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although aching over having to leave her mother behind in Ukraine, Demidenko says she feels welcome in the U.S. — and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with President-elect Donald Trump returning to the White House next month, Demidenko is worried her protection could soon end. Trump has vowed a massive deportation campaign and sharp immigration restrictions, including slashing the TPS program, as he tried to do during his first term at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019641\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oksana Demidenko hangs traditional Ukrainian embroidered shirts above her closet at her home in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. Hanging from the closet is a sign made by her sponsor, Mary Wogec, welcoming her and her cats to the United States. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Everybody now, we don’t know if we have a future or not,” says Demidenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is one of \u003ca href=\"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/homesec/RS20844.pdf\">\u003cu>nearly 900,000 people from 16 countries, including 50,000 from Ukraine\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, with Temporary Protected Status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/358\">\u003cu>established by Congress as part of the Immigration Act of 1990\u003c/u>\u003c/a> for immigrants living in the U.S. whose home countries are experiencing armed conflict, natural disasters or other “extraordinary conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Democratic and Republican administrations have offered TPS to people from countries in crisis. Protections last from six to 18 months and the government can renew them — or terminate them — depending on country conditions. Unless it’s renewed,\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status/TPS-Ukraine\">\u003cu> TPS for people from Ukraine will end on April 19, 2025\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trump team signals plan to end TPS designations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In an Oct. 2 interview with News Nation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/2024-election/trump-springfield-haitian-migrants-removed/\">\u003cu>Trump said he would revoke TPS for Haitians\u003c/u>\u003c/a> and deport them, after amplifying false rumors that Haitian immigrants in Springfield, OH, were eating their neighbors’ pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incoming Vice President J.D. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/19/us/politics/vance-haitian-immigrants-illegal.html\">\u003cu>Vance called Haitians with TPS “illegal aliens.”\u003c/u>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Theresa Cardinal Brown, an immigration analyst with the Bipartisan Policy Center, says people with TPS are living in the U.S. legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you get TPS status, that is a government authorization for you to stay,” she said. The Trump transition team did not respond to NPR’s requests for comment about plans to change the TPS program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump advisers maintain that the program is being misused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the election in November, the man Trump picked as his ‘border czar,’ \u003ca href=\"https://whkradio.com/radioshow/strictly-speaking\">\u003cu>Thomas Homan, told Cleveland talk radio host Bob Frantz\u003c/u>\u003c/a> that the administration needs to take a “hard” approach to ending TPS designations and sending people back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019642\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019642\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-5-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Wogec (left) and Oksana Demidenko look through books about traditional Ukrainian embroidery at their home in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Temporary protected status is at the approval of the Secretary of Homeland Security. That could end tomorrow. And if TPS ends, they’re gonna be removable,” he said. “Temporary means temporary. Whatever reason [why] you got temporary protected status — maybe it’s a hurricane in your homeland, maybe war in your homeland — but [when] this situation clears up, you need to go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says returning people to shattered countries is challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What capacity do those countries have to accept those repatriations and reintegrate those people into the economy again? I think about a place like Haiti,” which descended into chaos after the president was assassinated in 2021, she said. “Another question is, for example, a country like Venezuela, which will not take back its citizens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incoming president could go to Congress, which has the power to repeal TPS entirely. But Brown thinks it’s unlikely this will happen given the fact that Republicans hold such slim majorities in the House and Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edward Alden, who studies immigration as a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, expects the incoming Trump administration to do whatever it can to restrict programs such as TPS, DACA and humanitarian parole, as part of his broader plan to limit immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to come out of the gate with some really, really aggressive strategies. And I think this is going to be on a scale that none of us in our lifetimes has ever seen before,” he said. “There may be some constraints in the courts. TPS will clearly end up back there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019645\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-6-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oksana Demidenko brushes her cat Java while watching updates about the war in Ukraine at their home in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Teen helped preserve TPS in Trump’s first term\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Trump’s first term,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136641841/temporary-protected-status-extended-trump-biden\">\u003cu> he sought to revoke the program for around 300,000 immigrants from six countries\u003c/u>\u003c/a>. But he was blocked in the courts. The main challenge, a 2018 case known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclusocal.org/en/cases/ramos-v-nielsen\">\u003cu>Ramos v. Nielsen\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, came from a group of TPS beneficiaries and their U.S.-born children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lawsuit, plaintiffs argued the spirit of the law allows the government to consider current conditions on the ground, not just whether the original crisis that led to TPS had been resolved, as the Trump administration was asserting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the issue could be decided definitively, President Joe \u003ca href=\"https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2022-24984.pdf\">\u003cu>Biden restored TPS for everyone affected\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, and the lawsuit was dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crista Ramos was 14 when she and her Salvadoran-born mother \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11714388/california-teen-leads-suit-to-keep-hundreds-of-thousands-of-immigrants-in-u-s\">\u003cu>became lead plaintiffs in the suit\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Ramos is 20, studying politics at the University of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent evening, she sits at a picnic table with her mother, while her brother practices soccer. She says she joined the lawsuit to make the case that rescinding TPS not only affects the beneficiaries, but their families as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Throughout my high school, that was always in the back of my head: Was my family going to be able to stick together?” Ramos says. “That was a stress that was on me and so many children like me. We could lose our parents at any point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mother, Cristina Morales, 44, is an educator who works with autistic children. She came to California as a teenager three decades ago and put down roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a homeowner. My kids are in college. My husband and I, we’ve been together since high school,” she said. “Being under TPS protected me. But then I learned the hard way… this is a temporary status.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because she first entered illegally, Morales has no path to citizenship. Instead, she clings to the hope the government will renew her TPS every 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with Trump returning to the White House, Ramos fears her mother is again at risk of deportation. She came of age in one legal battle, and says she’s bracing to defend TPS again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For me, it’s not even sadness. It’s just anger that we have to relive this traumatic experience again,” Ramos says. “But I want to turn that anger into change, to fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making a home in California amid uncertainty\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the Richmond waterfront park, Demidenko marvels at the flowers growing in December. She’s feeling more at home in California, with visits to the redwoods, the coastline along Highway 1 and the state capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019647\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-7-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oksana Demidenko takes a photo on her phone of flowers at Marina Bay Park in Richmond, on Dec. 17, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And she says she loves her job as a technician in a state public health laboratory, tracking respiratory viruses like avian flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very interesting,” she says. “I love it because I can help the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Demidenko first arrived in the country, she planned to apply for a nursing license. But in talking with Wogec, who also works in public health, she learned that California has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OSPHLD/LFS/Pages/CLTAC-Lab-Workforce-Subcommittee-Report-2022.aspx\">\u003cu>shortage of clinical laboratory scientists\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I told her a little bit about it and she said, ‘I always wanted to work in a laboratory,” says Wogec. “Her grandfather was a famous scientist in Ukraine. … And she said, ‘When I was a little girl, I would go to my grandfather’s lab and I love labs.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the sun sparkling on the water of the bay and pleasure boats motoring by, the bombings in Ukraine seem far away. But Demidenko says the fear she felt, huddling on the floor of her hallway in Kiev as air raid sirens wailed, remains vivid. It still jolts her awake some nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You haven’t time to go to a shelter, because first it’s a rocket and after that [you hear the] sirens,” she says. “Nobody’s safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wogec says the TPS holders she knows are hardworking people contributing to this country, and the government should find a way to keep them here legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t even imagine that the United States would send people back to Ukraine or Afghanistan. Not to mention Nicaragua or Haiti,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Demidenko says she’s turning Wogec’s garage into a workshop for making natural soaps. That was her hobby in Ukraine, but now she’s thinking a soap business could be a backup if she loses her work permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll start my business,” she says, “because maybe it’ll give me a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "want-to-visit-europe-in-2025-youll-need-to-apply-for-new-travel-authorization",
"title": "Want to Visit Europe in 2025? You'll Need to Apply for New Travel Authorization",
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"content": "\u003cp>Right now, United States citizens visiting the United Kingdom and Europe don’t need a visa waiver or travel authorization to enter these countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change starting in January 2025, when the U.K. will require an electronic travel authorization (ETA) for visitors from countries including the U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The European Union is right behind them, with plans to introduce its own visa waiver document called an ETIAS for visitors, including U.S. citizens, sometime in mid-2025. (The two processes are different, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887\">the U.K. officially left the European Union in 2020\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that the online process for obtaining permission to travel to these areas should be fairly simple — and speedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if you’re hoping to visit Europe next year, keep reading for everything you need to know about obtaining the right travel authorization before your visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#apply-europe-etias\">What permissions will U.S. citizens need to visit Europe in 2025?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"apply-uk-eta\">\u003c/a>New travel rules for U.S. citizens visiting the UK in 2025\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What will change in 2025 about travel to the U.K.?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a U.S. citizen visiting the U.K., you’ll need to apply online for an Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) for any travel to (and through) that country starting Jan. 8, 2025 — i.e., very soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new requirement includes any children who are traveling and \u003ca href=\"https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2024/02/01/electronic-travel-authorisation-eta-scheme-factsheet-february-2024/\">also applies to travelers who are just transiting through the U.K\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After applying, you’ll receive an email confirmation. This authorization will be digitally linked to the passport you applied with and will last for two years — during which time “\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\">you can travel to the U.K. as many times as you want\u003c/a>,” according to the U.K. government website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\">Dual citizens who have British or Irish citizenship do not need to apply for an ETA\u003c/a> and can use their British or Irish passport as proof of exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do I need an ETA if I’m traveling to the U.K. before Jan. 8?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. It’s an entry document, and the U.K. government says that \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/check-when-you-can-get-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\">United States citizens are among the nationalities who don’t need an ETA to travel to the U.K. on or before Jan. 7\u003c/a>. So, if you already have a New Year’s trip planned, don’t panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12018960\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-1536x864.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. citizens thinking about making travel plans to a European city like Edinburgh, Scotland, should be aware of the big travel changes to the U.K. and Europe in 2025. \u003ccite>(Guven Ozdemir/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do I apply for an ETA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applications for an ETA to travel on or after Jan. 8 are now open. The U.K. Home Office recommends that you apply for your ETA \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQVvTTbHIu4\">before booking your travel to the U.K.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. citizens can apply for an ETA via:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/using-the-uk-eta-app\">The official U.K. ETA app for iPhone or Android\u003c/a> or\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://apply-for-an-eta.homeoffice.gov.uk/apply/electronic-travel-authorisation/how-to-apply\">The official gov.uk website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The U.K. government strongly recommends applying via the app and \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/using-the-uk-eta-app\">has a detailed guide to applying for an ETA this way\u003c/a>. However,\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\"> if you’re applying for someone else who is not with you in person during the application\u003c/a> — for example, one of your travel party — they advise applying online rather than using the app.[aside tag=\"travel\" label=\"More Related Stories\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To apply, you’ll need to upload a photo of your passport and, for travelers age 10 and over, your face. You’ll then be asked several questions and pay £10 (around $12.50) for the application. Beware of any third-party website seeking to charge you more for processing your ETA application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will getting an ETA take?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.K. government says that the ETA app “enables most applicants to receive a decision in hours” and that applicants will “usually get a decision within 3 working days, but you may get a quicker decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Home Office warns that it may “occasionally” take longer than three working days. So make sure you apply for your ETA well ahead of your departure date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if my ETA application is unsuccessful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.K. Home Office says that \u003ca href=\"https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/electronic-travel-authorisation-eta-factsheet-november-2024/\">if your ETA application is “rejected,” you’ll be informed of the reason and can apply again\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if your ETA application is “refused,” you won’t be able to apply again, and you can’t appeal the decision. Instead, you’ll have to apply for a visa to visit the U.K.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"apply-europe-etias\">\u003c/a>New travel rules for U.S. citizens visiting Europe in 2025\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do I need to know about visiting Europe as a U.S. citizen in 2025?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting sometime in mid-2025, U.S. citizens visiting 30 European countries will need to apply online for travel authorization through the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS). This new requirement will include any children who are traveling and will also apply to travelers who are transiting through these countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no firm date for ETIAS travel authorizations coming into effect, and applications aren’t open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After applying online, you’ll receive an email confirming your ETIAS travel authorization has been successful. This authorization will then be digitally linked to the passport you applied with and \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#validity-and-renewal\">will last for three years or until your passport expires\u003c/a> — whichever comes first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12018959\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-800x533.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-1020x680.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you’re hoping to visit a European country like Italy in 2025, stay up-to-date with applications for the ETIAS travel authorization for U.S. citizens. \u003ccite>(Lorado/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which European countries will U.S. citizens need ETIAS travel authorization to visit in 2025?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/who-should-apply_en#ETIAS-countries\">The full list of countries that U.S. citizens will soon need ETIAS travel authorization to visit\u003c/a>: France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal, Iceland, Croatia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. citizens who also have European Union (EU) nationality do not need to apply for ETIAS travel authorization. \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en\">See who else is exempt from ETIAS travel authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will I apply for ETIAS travel authorization when it comes into effect?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When applications open, \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias_en\">you’ll apply online on the EU’s website\u003c/a>. Applications will cost €7 (around $7–8), but those costs are waived for minors. \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#applying-for-an-etias-travel-authorisation\">Read more about the types of information you’ll be asked to provide in your application\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One important thing if you’re planning to visit Europe in 2025: To receive ETIAS travel authorization, \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#applying-for-an-etias-travel-authorisation\">your U.S. passport will need to be valid for more than three months after you’d be \u003cem>leaving\u003c/em> Europe\u003c/a>. Also, your passport can’t be older than 10 years. So, if you were looking for a reason to renew your passport, 2025 might be a good time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When applications open, beware of any third-party website seeking to charge you more for processing your ETIAS travel authorization application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will getting ETIAS travel authorization take?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EU says that \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#applying-for-an-etias-travel-authorisation\">most ETIAS travel authorization applications “will be processed within minutes and at the latest within 96 hours”\u003c/a> — but warns that “some applicants may be asked to provide additional information or documentation or to participate in an interview with national authorities, which may take up to additional 30 days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, “we strongly advise you to obtain the ETIAS travel authorization before you buy your tickets and book your hotels,” officials say. So, if you’re hoping to visit Europe in 2025, \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias_en\">it’s worth keeping an eye on the EU’s official ETIAS website for updates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if my ETIAS travel authorization application is unsuccessful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EU lists \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#refusals-cancellations-and-appeals\">several reasons your ETIAS travel authorization could be denied\u003c/a>, including if you’re “considered to pose a security, illegal immigration or high epidemic risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re denied, you’ll be told the reason by email, which will also provide information about your options to appeal the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right now, United States citizens visiting the United Kingdom and Europe don’t need a visa waiver or travel authorization to enter these countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about to change starting in January 2025, when the U.K. will require an electronic travel authorization (ETA) for visitors from countries including the U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The European Union is right behind them, with plans to introduce its own visa waiver document called an ETIAS for visitors, including U.S. citizens, sometime in mid-2025. (The two processes are different, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887\">the U.K. officially left the European Union in 2020\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that the online process for obtaining permission to travel to these areas should be fairly simple — and speedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if you’re hoping to visit Europe next year, keep reading for everything you need to know about obtaining the right travel authorization before your visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#apply-europe-etias\">What permissions will U.S. citizens need to visit Europe in 2025?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"apply-uk-eta\">\u003c/a>New travel rules for U.S. citizens visiting the UK in 2025\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What will change in 2025 about travel to the U.K.?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a U.S. citizen visiting the U.K., you’ll need to apply online for an Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) for any travel to (and through) that country starting Jan. 8, 2025 — i.e., very soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new requirement includes any children who are traveling and \u003ca href=\"https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/2024/02/01/electronic-travel-authorisation-eta-scheme-factsheet-february-2024/\">also applies to travelers who are just transiting through the U.K\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After applying, you’ll receive an email confirmation. This authorization will be digitally linked to the passport you applied with and will last for two years — during which time “\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\">you can travel to the U.K. as many times as you want\u003c/a>,” according to the U.K. government website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\">Dual citizens who have British or Irish citizenship do not need to apply for an ETA\u003c/a> and can use their British or Irish passport as proof of exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do I need an ETA if I’m traveling to the U.K. before Jan. 8?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. It’s an entry document, and the U.K. government says that \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/check-when-you-can-get-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\">United States citizens are among the nationalities who don’t need an ETA to travel to the U.K. on or before Jan. 7\u003c/a>. So, if you already have a New Year’s trip planned, don’t panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12018960\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/scotland-tourism-1536x864.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. citizens thinking about making travel plans to a European city like Edinburgh, Scotland, should be aware of the big travel changes to the U.K. and Europe in 2025. \u003ccite>(Guven Ozdemir/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do I apply for an ETA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applications for an ETA to travel on or after Jan. 8 are now open. The U.K. Home Office recommends that you apply for your ETA \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQVvTTbHIu4\">before booking your travel to the U.K.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. citizens can apply for an ETA via:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/using-the-uk-eta-app\">The official U.K. ETA app for iPhone or Android\u003c/a> or\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://apply-for-an-eta.homeoffice.gov.uk/apply/electronic-travel-authorisation/how-to-apply\">The official gov.uk website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The U.K. government strongly recommends applying via the app and \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/using-the-uk-eta-app\">has a detailed guide to applying for an ETA this way\u003c/a>. However,\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-an-electronic-travel-authorisation-eta\"> if you’re applying for someone else who is not with you in person during the application\u003c/a> — for example, one of your travel party — they advise applying online rather than using the app.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To apply, you’ll need to upload a photo of your passport and, for travelers age 10 and over, your face. You’ll then be asked several questions and pay £10 (around $12.50) for the application. Beware of any third-party website seeking to charge you more for processing your ETA application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will getting an ETA take?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.K. government says that the ETA app “enables most applicants to receive a decision in hours” and that applicants will “usually get a decision within 3 working days, but you may get a quicker decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Home Office warns that it may “occasionally” take longer than three working days. So make sure you apply for your ETA well ahead of your departure date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if my ETA application is unsuccessful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.K. Home Office says that \u003ca href=\"https://homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk/electronic-travel-authorisation-eta-factsheet-november-2024/\">if your ETA application is “rejected,” you’ll be informed of the reason and can apply again\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if your ETA application is “refused,” you won’t be able to apply again, and you can’t appeal the decision. Instead, you’ll have to apply for a visa to visit the U.K.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"apply-europe-etias\">\u003c/a>New travel rules for U.S. citizens visiting Europe in 2025\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do I need to know about visiting Europe as a U.S. citizen in 2025?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting sometime in mid-2025, U.S. citizens visiting 30 European countries will need to apply online for travel authorization through the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS). This new requirement will include any children who are traveling and will also apply to travelers who are transiting through these countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no firm date for ETIAS travel authorizations coming into effect, and applications aren’t open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After applying online, you’ll receive an email confirming your ETIAS travel authorization has been successful. This authorization will then be digitally linked to the passport you applied with and \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#validity-and-renewal\">will last for three years or until your passport expires\u003c/a> — whichever comes first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12018959\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-800x533.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-1020x680.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/italy-tourism-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you’re hoping to visit a European country like Italy in 2025, stay up-to-date with applications for the ETIAS travel authorization for U.S. citizens. \u003ccite>(Lorado/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which European countries will U.S. citizens need ETIAS travel authorization to visit in 2025?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/who-should-apply_en#ETIAS-countries\">The full list of countries that U.S. citizens will soon need ETIAS travel authorization to visit\u003c/a>: France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal, Iceland, Croatia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. citizens who also have European Union (EU) nationality do not need to apply for ETIAS travel authorization. \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en\">See who else is exempt from ETIAS travel authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will I apply for ETIAS travel authorization when it comes into effect?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When applications open, \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias_en\">you’ll apply online on the EU’s website\u003c/a>. Applications will cost €7 (around $7–8), but those costs are waived for minors. \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#applying-for-an-etias-travel-authorisation\">Read more about the types of information you’ll be asked to provide in your application\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One important thing if you’re planning to visit Europe in 2025: To receive ETIAS travel authorization, \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#applying-for-an-etias-travel-authorisation\">your U.S. passport will need to be valid for more than three months after you’d be \u003cem>leaving\u003c/em> Europe\u003c/a>. Also, your passport can’t be older than 10 years. So, if you were looking for a reason to renew your passport, 2025 might be a good time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When applications open, beware of any third-party website seeking to charge you more for processing your ETIAS travel authorization application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will getting ETIAS travel authorization take?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EU says that \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#applying-for-an-etias-travel-authorisation\">most ETIAS travel authorization applications “will be processed within minutes and at the latest within 96 hours”\u003c/a> — but warns that “some applicants may be asked to provide additional information or documentation or to participate in an interview with national authorities, which may take up to additional 30 days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, “we strongly advise you to obtain the ETIAS travel authorization before you buy your tickets and book your hotels,” officials say. So, if you’re hoping to visit Europe in 2025, \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias_en\">it’s worth keeping an eye on the EU’s official ETIAS website for updates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if my ETIAS travel authorization application is unsuccessful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EU lists \u003ca href=\"https://travel-europe.europa.eu/etias/faqs-etias_en#refusals-cancellations-and-appeals\">several reasons your ETIAS travel authorization could be denied\u003c/a>, including if you’re “considered to pose a security, illegal immigration or high epidemic risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re denied, you’ll be told the reason by email, which will also provide information about your options to appeal the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\"> California\u003c/a> lawmaker wants to create a safe zone around schools to protect immigrant students and their parents against the threat of large-scale deportations by President-elect Donald Trump’s incoming administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Senate Majority Leader Lena Gonzalez introduced a bill this week in response to concerns that Trump would scrap the federal government’s long-standing policy to generally avoid conducting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/ero-outreach/pdf/10029.2-policy.pdf\">immigration enforcement actions in “sensitive locations\u003c/a>” such as schools, hospitals and places of worship. One in five, or 20%, of California children \u003ca href=\"https://immigrantdataca.org/indicators/mixed-status-families\">live in mixed-status families\u003c/a> where at least one one of their relatives is an undocumented immigrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gonzalez’s \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB48\">bill \u003c/a>would prohibit local police from assisting U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents in the one-mile radius around a school. It also would not allow immigration authorities to enter schools or obtain information about students, their families and school employees without a judicial warrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All California children deserve safe school environments that prioritize student learning, regardless of immigration status,” Gonzalez said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her bill comes two weeks after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016440/california-bill-would-protect-schools-child-care-centers-from-immigration-raids\">another state lawmaker proposed\u003c/a> barring ICE agents from entering a school or child care center without a statement of purpose, court order and approval from the district superintendent or other supervisors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposals come amid escalating fears of mass deportation as Trump’s inauguration approaches on Jan. 20, 2025. \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/7200212/person-of-the-year-2024-donald-trump/\">In an interview published by Time magazine\u003c/a> last week, Trump said he was willing to enlist the military to round up and deport undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11989678\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11989678\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-1020x647.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-1536x974.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students’ backpacks hang outside the transitional kindergarten classroom at Will Rogers Elementary School in Santa Monica. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Ashley Balderrama)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Education leaders say his rhetoric is already creating a chilling effect on immigrant children and parents who live in fear of deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard from elementary school teachers experiencing a kid coming to school, just crying and wanting to be held because they’re so worried [about whether] their parent is going to pick them up after school,’” said Xilonin Cruz-Gonzalez, co-founder of National Newcomer Network, a coalition of educators, researchers and advocates dedicated to newcomer education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said teachers are concerned the stress will impede student’s ability to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Oakland International High School, some newcomer students with after-school jobs are facing additional pressure to work more to pay immigration lawyers to fight their cases, said Lauren Markham, director of the school’s learning lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markham expressed concern that the urgency to work more may lead the students to miss classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12017430 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/HarmeetDhillon-1180x793.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our students are incredibly afraid that they or their parents are going to be swept up in immigration raids,” Markham said. “There is a pervasive sense of uncertainty, and this kind of looming, amorphous threat that ‘at any moment I may be sent home’ to, in many cases, a place of danger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland Unified School District already has trained staff on how to respond to potential immigration enforcement at schools, and it urges immigrant parents to make a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ousd.org/know-your-rights/for-immigrant-families\">“family safety plan,”\u003c/a> including naming a trusted adult to take care of their child in case they get detained or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, \u003ca href=\"https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/immigration-immigrant-students/u.s.-immigration-enforcement-policy-and-its-impact-on-teaching-and-learning-in-the-nations-schools\">researchers at the Civil Rights Project at UCLA \u003c/a>found that his immigration policies contributed to increased absenteeism, decreased student achievement and parent disengagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers surveyed 3600 educators in more than 700 schools in 12 states and discovered that increased absenteeism led to lower funding for schools, which affected support services for all students, said Patricia Gandara, a co-director of the project. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because most of the schools where immigrant students are found are poor schools, they [had] a hard time meeting the very deep needs of the students,” Gandara said. “Even the students who were not from immigrant families were being affected by this because of the climate in the school, the climate in the classroom, and the concern for the other students who were more targeted. So it was having a devastating effect on the schools that most need help,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said legislation to beef up protections for immigrant students sends a message to those students that schools have their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the really sad things that we heard from teachers was that oftentimes, their best students were giving up. Because the kids would say, ‘I don’t see that I have a future in this country. Why am I knocking myself out to try and go to college if I have no future?” Gandara said. “So if these young people hear that legislators and other people in the schools are really working on their behalf and are trying to protect them, I think that’s helpful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated the number of schools surveyed by researchers at the Civil Rights Project at UCLA. The story has been updated to reflect that they surveyed 3600 educators in more than 700 schools in 12 states.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\"> California\u003c/a> lawmaker wants to create a safe zone around schools to protect immigrant students and their parents against the threat of large-scale deportations by President-elect Donald Trump’s incoming administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Senate Majority Leader Lena Gonzalez introduced a bill this week in response to concerns that Trump would scrap the federal government’s long-standing policy to generally avoid conducting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/ero-outreach/pdf/10029.2-policy.pdf\">immigration enforcement actions in “sensitive locations\u003c/a>” such as schools, hospitals and places of worship. One in five, or 20%, of California children \u003ca href=\"https://immigrantdataca.org/indicators/mixed-status-families\">live in mixed-status families\u003c/a> where at least one one of their relatives is an undocumented immigrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gonzalez’s \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB48\">bill \u003c/a>would prohibit local police from assisting U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents in the one-mile radius around a school. It also would not allow immigration authorities to enter schools or obtain information about students, their families and school employees without a judicial warrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All California children deserve safe school environments that prioritize student learning, regardless of immigration status,” Gonzalez said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her bill comes two weeks after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016440/california-bill-would-protect-schools-child-care-centers-from-immigration-raids\">another state lawmaker proposed\u003c/a> barring ICE agents from entering a school or child care center without a statement of purpose, court order and approval from the district superintendent or other supervisors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposals come amid escalating fears of mass deportation as Trump’s inauguration approaches on Jan. 20, 2025. \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/7200212/person-of-the-year-2024-donald-trump/\">In an interview published by Time magazine\u003c/a> last week, Trump said he was willing to enlist the military to round up and deport undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11989678\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11989678\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1218\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-1020x647.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/06/TKBackPack-1536x974.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students’ backpacks hang outside the transitional kindergarten classroom at Will Rogers Elementary School in Santa Monica. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Ashley Balderrama)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Education leaders say his rhetoric is already creating a chilling effect on immigrant children and parents who live in fear of deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard from elementary school teachers experiencing a kid coming to school, just crying and wanting to be held because they’re so worried [about whether] their parent is going to pick them up after school,’” said Xilonin Cruz-Gonzalez, co-founder of National Newcomer Network, a coalition of educators, researchers and advocates dedicated to newcomer education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said teachers are concerned the stress will impede student’s ability to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Oakland International High School, some newcomer students with after-school jobs are facing additional pressure to work more to pay immigration lawyers to fight their cases, said Lauren Markham, director of the school’s learning lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markham expressed concern that the urgency to work more may lead the students to miss classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our students are incredibly afraid that they or their parents are going to be swept up in immigration raids,” Markham said. “There is a pervasive sense of uncertainty, and this kind of looming, amorphous threat that ‘at any moment I may be sent home’ to, in many cases, a place of danger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland Unified School District already has trained staff on how to respond to potential immigration enforcement at schools, and it urges immigrant parents to make a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ousd.org/know-your-rights/for-immigrant-families\">“family safety plan,”\u003c/a> including naming a trusted adult to take care of their child in case they get detained or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, \u003ca href=\"https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/immigration-immigrant-students/u.s.-immigration-enforcement-policy-and-its-impact-on-teaching-and-learning-in-the-nations-schools\">researchers at the Civil Rights Project at UCLA \u003c/a>found that his immigration policies contributed to increased absenteeism, decreased student achievement and parent disengagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers surveyed 3600 educators in more than 700 schools in 12 states and discovered that increased absenteeism led to lower funding for schools, which affected support services for all students, said Patricia Gandara, a co-director of the project. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because most of the schools where immigrant students are found are poor schools, they [had] a hard time meeting the very deep needs of the students,” Gandara said. “Even the students who were not from immigrant families were being affected by this because of the climate in the school, the climate in the classroom, and the concern for the other students who were more targeted. So it was having a devastating effect on the schools that most need help,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said legislation to beef up protections for immigrant students sends a message to those students that schools have their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the really sad things that we heard from teachers was that oftentimes, their best students were giving up. Because the kids would say, ‘I don’t see that I have a future in this country. Why am I knocking myself out to try and go to college if I have no future?” Gandara said. “So if these young people hear that legislators and other people in the schools are really working on their behalf and are trying to protect them, I think that’s helpful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated the number of schools surveyed by researchers at the Civil Rights Project at UCLA. The story has been updated to reflect that they surveyed 3600 educators in more than 700 schools in 12 states.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">President-elect Donald Trump has doubled down on his campaign promise to deport millions off undocumented people living in the United States. In turn, California officials have promised to protect the state’s undocumented population. KQED’s Political Breakdown podcast sat immigration senior editor Tyche Hendricks to talk about how far Trump’s deportation plans can go in California, and how immigrant communities and legal advocacy groups are preparing to fight back. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Links:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016037/california-is-a-sanctuary-state-how-much-protection-will-that-give-immigrants-from-trumps-deportation-plans\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump’s Deportation Plans?\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">President-elect Donald Trump has doubled down on his campaign promise to deport millions off undocumented people living in the United States. In turn, California officials have promised to protect the state’s undocumented population. KQED’s Political Breakdown podcast sat immigration senior editor Tyche Hendricks to talk about how far Trump’s deportation plans can go in California, and how immigrant communities and legal advocacy groups are preparing to fight back. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Links:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016037/california-is-a-sanctuary-state-how-much-protection-will-that-give-immigrants-from-trumps-deportation-plans\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump’s Deportation Plans?\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal immigration authorities are looking for a potential new detention center in Northern California, an effort that alarms advocates and some Democratic state lawmakers as President-elect Donald Trump gears up to unleash his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) issued a request for information to identify additional detention bed space in the state as other federal agencies intensified border enforcement. The effort began in the wake of the Biden administration’s sweeping asylum ban, implemented in June, for migrants caught crossing the U.S.-Mexico border outside designated entry points. Under the ban, border agents can deport such migrants within hours or days without considering their asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates say an expansion of detention space would give Trump a runway to carry out more mass deportations in California. Immigrants in counties with more detention space are more likely to be arrested and detained, according to research by advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in Texas, where state officials are offering up land to the Trump administration to facilitate mass deportations, California tried to ban new federal immigrant detention centers from opening during the first Trump administration. The court blocked that, ruling that the state was unconstitutionally overstepping on federal immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Rob Bonta told CalMatters that the state may be powerless to stop the possibility of a new facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ICE’s expansion plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Federal documents show ICE issued the request for information on Aug. 14. Such requests can pave the way for federal contracts, in this case to obtain “available detention facilities for single adult populations (male and female)” in Arizona, New Mexico, Washington, Oregon, and California. Its request says the facilities should each have from 850 to 950 detention beds and “may be publicly or privately owned and publicly or privately operated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the facilities should be within a two-hour drive of the San Francisco field office, the documents state. The request also seeks facilities near field offices in Phoenix, El Paso, and Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ICE has identified a need for immigration detention services within the Western U.S. area of responsibility,” ICE spokesman Richard Beam wrote in an email to CalMatters. “The proposed services are part of ICE’s effort to continually review its detention requirements and explore options that will afford ICE the operational flexibility needed to house the full range of detainees in the agency’s custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='immigration']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, ICE detains roughly 38,000 people every day in about 120 immigration jails across the country. In California, that number is just under 3,000 detainees each day, held in six facilities, according to the most recently available immigration data maintained by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the third-largest population of detained immigrants in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ICE, the federal agency responsible for immigration enforcement, owns and operates a very small number of facilities nationwide, it mostly contracts with private prison operators such as CoreCivic, GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp. Their detention facilities house 80% of ICE’s detainees. Stock for CoreCivic and GEO Group soared upon Trump’s win last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, private, for-profit prison companies run all six ICE detention facilities – the Golden State Annex and Mesa Verde detention facilities in Kern County; the Adelanto Detention Facility and Desert View Annex, both in San Bernardino County; the Otay Mesa Detention Center in San Diego County; and the Imperial Regional Detention Facility in Imperial County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across all six, the federal government has the capacity to detain up to 7,188 people statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015881\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12015881 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1696\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-2048x1357.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1920x1272.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former US President Donald Trump speaks about immigration and border security near Coronado National Memorial in Montezuma Pass, Arizona, Aug. 22, 2024. \u003ccite>(Olivier Touron/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Sen. María Elena Durazo, a Democrat from Los Angeles, said she was concerned about the potential economic impacts of ICE having an increased capacity for detention and, therefore, deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expansion of detention in California concerns everyone in our state. Expanding detention correlates with increased ICE raids and family separation, all of which has devastating social and economic impacts for California,” she said. “In addition, these facilities are run by private for-profit companies that consistently place their bottom-line profit above the health and safety of those who work in or are detained in these facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates argue that detention expansions lead to human rights abuses and undermine community safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An expansion of ICE detention operations within the Bay Area and Northern California is going to be part of a reign of terror on our communities the Trump administration is threatening,” said Bree Bernwanger, a senior staff attorney on the Immigrants’ Rights team at the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California. “We already know from existing facilities within California that ICE does not and cannot maintain safe and or healthy standards of confinement for people inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACLU is suing to learn more about the federal agency’s expanded detention plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernwanger was referring to issues like complaints of sexually abusive pat downs. Also, in 2023, ICE allegedly retaliated against hunger strikers by storming into their cells, violently dragging them, threatening them with forced feedings, and then providing food that was not appropriate for breaking a 21-day fast, prompting a medical condition in at least one inmate, according to a claim filed by the inmate, who was represented by two advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the civil liberties organization released a 34-page report detailing 485 grievances filed by detainees across six immigration detention facilities in California between 2023 and June 2024. Those grievances included allegations of hazardous facilities, inhumane treatment, medical neglect, and retaliation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICE declined to comment on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California failed to ban for-profit federal detention centers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In December 2019, California passed a law that would have banned private immigration detention centers. It was part of a wave of resistance by California Democrats to the first Trump administration. It also prohibited the state from using for-profit prisons for any inmates starting in 2028. The for-profit facilities “contribute to over-incarceration” and “do not reflect our values,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a statement when signing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days before the law was set to go into effect, ICE signed new contracts for its facilities in California. The federal 9th Circuit Court of Appeals later overturned the state’s ban on private prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12013478 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bonta, who wrote the unsuccessful ban as an Oakland Assembly member, told CalMatters in November that the state might not be able to stop ICE from opening another detention facility outside of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a matter of federal jurisdiction,” Bonta said. “It’s federal. I disagree, but my office’s disagreement was considered, and the court determined that it was a federal issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal immigration authorities are looking for a potential new detention center in Northern California, an effort that alarms advocates and some Democratic state lawmakers as President-elect Donald Trump gears up to unleash his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) issued a request for information to identify additional detention bed space in the state as other federal agencies intensified border enforcement. The effort began in the wake of the Biden administration’s sweeping asylum ban, implemented in June, for migrants caught crossing the U.S.-Mexico border outside designated entry points. Under the ban, border agents can deport such migrants within hours or days without considering their asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates say an expansion of detention space would give Trump a runway to carry out more mass deportations in California. Immigrants in counties with more detention space are more likely to be arrested and detained, according to research by advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in Texas, where state officials are offering up land to the Trump administration to facilitate mass deportations, California tried to ban new federal immigrant detention centers from opening during the first Trump administration. The court blocked that, ruling that the state was unconstitutionally overstepping on federal immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Rob Bonta told CalMatters that the state may be powerless to stop the possibility of a new facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ICE’s expansion plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Federal documents show ICE issued the request for information on Aug. 14. Such requests can pave the way for federal contracts, in this case to obtain “available detention facilities for single adult populations (male and female)” in Arizona, New Mexico, Washington, Oregon, and California. Its request says the facilities should each have from 850 to 950 detention beds and “may be publicly or privately owned and publicly or privately operated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the facilities should be within a two-hour drive of the San Francisco field office, the documents state. The request also seeks facilities near field offices in Phoenix, El Paso, and Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ICE has identified a need for immigration detention services within the Western U.S. area of responsibility,” ICE spokesman Richard Beam wrote in an email to CalMatters. “The proposed services are part of ICE’s effort to continually review its detention requirements and explore options that will afford ICE the operational flexibility needed to house the full range of detainees in the agency’s custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, ICE detains roughly 38,000 people every day in about 120 immigration jails across the country. In California, that number is just under 3,000 detainees each day, held in six facilities, according to the most recently available immigration data maintained by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the third-largest population of detained immigrants in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ICE, the federal agency responsible for immigration enforcement, owns and operates a very small number of facilities nationwide, it mostly contracts with private prison operators such as CoreCivic, GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp. Their detention facilities house 80% of ICE’s detainees. Stock for CoreCivic and GEO Group soared upon Trump’s win last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, private, for-profit prison companies run all six ICE detention facilities – the Golden State Annex and Mesa Verde detention facilities in Kern County; the Adelanto Detention Facility and Desert View Annex, both in San Bernardino County; the Otay Mesa Detention Center in San Diego County; and the Imperial Regional Detention Facility in Imperial County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across all six, the federal government has the capacity to detain up to 7,188 people statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015881\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12015881 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1696\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-2048x1357.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1920x1272.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former US President Donald Trump speaks about immigration and border security near Coronado National Memorial in Montezuma Pass, Arizona, Aug. 22, 2024. \u003ccite>(Olivier Touron/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Sen. María Elena Durazo, a Democrat from Los Angeles, said she was concerned about the potential economic impacts of ICE having an increased capacity for detention and, therefore, deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expansion of detention in California concerns everyone in our state. Expanding detention correlates with increased ICE raids and family separation, all of which has devastating social and economic impacts for California,” she said. “In addition, these facilities are run by private for-profit companies that consistently place their bottom-line profit above the health and safety of those who work in or are detained in these facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates argue that detention expansions lead to human rights abuses and undermine community safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An expansion of ICE detention operations within the Bay Area and Northern California is going to be part of a reign of terror on our communities the Trump administration is threatening,” said Bree Bernwanger, a senior staff attorney on the Immigrants’ Rights team at the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California. “We already know from existing facilities within California that ICE does not and cannot maintain safe and or healthy standards of confinement for people inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACLU is suing to learn more about the federal agency’s expanded detention plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernwanger was referring to issues like complaints of sexually abusive pat downs. Also, in 2023, ICE allegedly retaliated against hunger strikers by storming into their cells, violently dragging them, threatening them with forced feedings, and then providing food that was not appropriate for breaking a 21-day fast, prompting a medical condition in at least one inmate, according to a claim filed by the inmate, who was represented by two advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the civil liberties organization released a 34-page report detailing 485 grievances filed by detainees across six immigration detention facilities in California between 2023 and June 2024. Those grievances included allegations of hazardous facilities, inhumane treatment, medical neglect, and retaliation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICE declined to comment on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California failed to ban for-profit federal detention centers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In December 2019, California passed a law that would have banned private immigration detention centers. It was part of a wave of resistance by California Democrats to the first Trump administration. It also prohibited the state from using for-profit prisons for any inmates starting in 2028. The for-profit facilities “contribute to over-incarceration” and “do not reflect our values,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a statement when signing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days before the law was set to go into effect, ICE signed new contracts for its facilities in California. The federal 9th Circuit Court of Appeals later overturned the state’s ban on private prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12013478 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bonta, who wrote the unsuccessful ban as an Oakland Assembly member, told CalMatters in November that the state might not be able to stop ICE from opening another detention facility outside of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a matter of federal jurisdiction,” Bonta said. “It’s federal. I disagree, but my office’s disagreement was considered, and the court determined that it was a federal issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump is promising to enact mass deportations of people in the U.S. without documents. Scott is joined by KQED’s senior editor for immigration Tyche Hendricks to talk about how those policies could play out, how immigrant communities and legal advocacy groups are preparing and the extent to which so-called “sanctuary” laws can protect undocumented immigrants from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016037/california-is-a-sanctuary-state-how-much-protection-will-that-give-immigrants-from-trumps-deportation-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump’s Deportation Plans?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump is promising to enact mass deportations of people in the U.S. without documents. Scott is joined by KQED’s senior editor for immigration Tyche Hendricks to talk about how those policies could play out, how immigrant communities and legal advocacy groups are preparing and the extent to which so-called “sanctuary” laws can protect undocumented immigrants from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016037/california-is-a-sanctuary-state-how-much-protection-will-that-give-immigrants-from-trumps-deportation-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump’s Deportation Plans?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump's Deportation Plans?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Throughout the 2024 campaign, President-elect Donald Trump promised \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">mass deportations as part of his immigration policy,\u003c/a> a strategy he says will include declaring a national emergency and deploying the U.S. military. While these promises have received significant media attention, immigration analysts say that Trump is actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/01/nx-s1-5164531/deportations-local-police-sheriff-trump-border-immigrants\">more likely to lean on local police\u003c/a> and sheriffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013535/california-and-the-bay-area-took-on-trump-before-theyre-ready-to-do-it-again\">have vowed to push back against the Trump administration\u003c/a>. “I can promise to the undocumented community in California that I and my team have been thinking about you for months and the harm that might come from a Trump administration 2.0,” state Attorney General Rob Bonta said \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/video/california-donald-trump-donald-trump-es-government-regulations-u-s-republican-party-20c24862a8114940a6ec2cbf76cb46ac\">at a press conference in San Francisco two days after the election\u003c/a>. “We have planned for you. We have prepared for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple cities in California, including San Francisco, Oakland and San José, have in place what are commonly called “sanctuary laws”: policies designed to protect immigrants from deportation by limiting law enforcement cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). And other cities are bolstering local protections in anticipation of Trump’s pledge of mass deportations. In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/sanctuary-city-trump-deportations-immigrants-los-angeles-836cf68a756c64800bbeb0270e8a965c\">city officials unanimously passed a sanctuary ordinance \u003c/a>on Nov. 19, and in the Bay Area, Redwood City is currently debating a similar move. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the clock ticks down to a second Trump term, what do we know about existing sanctuary laws in cities like San Francisco, along with policies at the state level? And what are some ways these policies do — and do not — protect immigrants from deportation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What is a sanctuary policy?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s no single definition of a “sanctuary law,” but most policies require that state and local law enforcement resources not be used for immigration enforcement. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcityattorney.org/2018/10/05/herrera-wins-ruling-that-san-franciscos-sanctuary-policies-comply-with-federal-law/\">Courts have upheld the legal premise of many of these laws\u003c/a>, pointing out that immigration law is an area of federal responsibility, and local governments don’t get to control how it’s enforced. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, successive administrations have worked to recruit local authorities to assist ICE in identifying and detaining immigrants who the federal agency considers “deportable.” Collaboration could include information-sharing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/criminal-apprehension-program\">agreements that give agents access to prisons and jails\u003c/a>, and a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/287g\">deputizes police and sheriffs to function as immigration agents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>ICE, under both Democratic and Republican presidents, has tried to coerce, pressure and encourage local law enforcement to become their ‘force multipliers,’ because there are many more police, sheriff and probation officers than there are ICE agents,” says Angela Chan, who leads immigrant advocacy efforts at the San Francisco Public Defender’s office and helped draft the sanctuary laws for both San Francisco and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Why have sanctuary policies?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>The sanctuary movement began in the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/show/crosscurrents/2018-03-06/hey-area-a-history-of-san-franciscos-contested-sanctuary-city-status\">with church activists protecting undocumented Salvadorans and Guatemalans escaping civil wars\u003c/a> at a time when the U.S. was denying their asylum claims and backing the repressive governments they had fled.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_12014436,news_11989910,news_12015773\"]In response, Berkeley adopted a sanctuary resolution in 1971, the first city in the country to do so, and it’d be almost two decades later that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/information/sanctuary-city-ordinance\">San Francisco enacted its sanctuary ordinance in 1989\u003c/a> after years of organizing \u003ca href=\"https://eltecolote.org/content/en/sf-fights-to-protect-sanctuary-city-status/\">led by the city’s Central American communities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, dozens of Democratic-led cities and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">more than a dozen states\u003c/a> have followed with their own sanctuary policies, emphasizing that public safety depends on trust. At the state level, California has passed a trio of sanctuary laws — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.htm\">TRUST Act\u003c/a> in 2013, the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2792\">TRUTH Act\u003c/a> in 2016 and the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54\">California Values Act\u003c/a> in 2017 — that govern how law enforcement can interact with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants, the bills’ backers argue, need to feel safe going to the police to report crimes and speak up as witnesses, just like everyone else. But the \u003ca href=\"https://cmsny.org/us-undocumented-population-increased-in-july-2023-warren-090624/\">nearly 12 million unauthorized immigrants\u003c/a> and their family members, who live in communities across the country, could be unlikely to cooperate with police if they fear they’ll be reported to ICE.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nIt’s worth noting that most unauthorized immigrants \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/13/key-facts-about-the-changing-u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population/\">have lived in the U.S. for at least a decade\u003c/a>. But under current immigration laws, an overwhelming majority don’t have any way to legalize their status, so they’re stuck in limbo.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What does California’s sanctuary law do?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When the California Values Act (\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54&showamends=false\">SB 54\u003c/a>) took effect in 2018, the first Trump administration was working on ramping up deportations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law says that state and local resources in California shall not be used to “investigate, interrogate, detain, detect, or arrest persons for immigration enforcement purposes” or transfer people to ICE custody without a judge’s warrant.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThere are, however, some major exceptions: SB 54 permits law enforcement to notify ICE about immigrants with any of a long list of serious convictions on their records. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the law makes another big exception for state prisons. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) automatically flags immigrants in custody for ICE and turns them over after they complete their sentences. Even longtime legal residents with green cards are transferred, because they can be deportable based on their criminal record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press conference in late November, Attorney General Bonta affirmed that law enforcement in California would continue to enforce criminal laws. However, he says he would uphold SB 54’s restrictions that prevent state officials from participating in civil immigration enforcement, even if the incoming Trump administration pressures the state.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The federal administration is welcome to do their job, but they cannot commandeer or conscript law enforcement in California to do their job for them,” he says. “cooperation under SB 54 on civil immigration enforcement will not be forthcoming because it would violate the law if it were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12013478\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Don’t sanctuary laws prevent ICE from operating in California?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not exactly. State laws restrict what state and local authorities can do. However, ICE is a federal agency with agents based throughout California. In addition to taking custody of immigrants handed over by prisons, they can and do track down people they believe are deportable. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nUnder President Joe Biden, ICE was guided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/guidelines-civilimmigrationlaw.pdf\">enforcement priorities\u003c/a> that focused on removing immigrants who posed a threat to national security, a threat to public safety or a threat to border security. The policy, based on an Obama-era directive, emphasized that agents would use their discretion in a way that would protect the civil rights of immigrants, even those who could be deported. In 2023, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aila.org/library/featured-issue-prosecutorial-discretion\">the Supreme Court upheld the legality of these enforcement guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, however, President-elect Trump has said he would toss out the priorities of the previous administration and that any immigrant here illegally would be subject to deportation. However, experts say the next administration will also have to set priorities because they won’t be able to remove 11 or 12 million people at once. Trump’s pick for the new role of “border czar,” Thomas Homan, who’s spent a career in immigration enforcement, has indicated he would focus first on immigrants with criminal histories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis by the conservative American Action Forum estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanactionforum.org/daily-dish/the-reality-of-mass-deportation/?utm_source=American+Action+Forum+Emails&utm_campaign=8fb2baf00b-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_23_07_19_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_64783a8335-8fb2baf00b-300300517\">it would cost $400 billion to $600 billion to remove 11.2 million people\u003c/a>, and it would take two decades, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">leaving a significant dent in the U.S. workforce\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nDoris Meissner, a senior fellow at the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute, says she expects that “significant” deportations are coming, along with a pervasive message that immigrants are unwelcome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There may not be mass deportations depending on how one defines that,” she says. “But there will surely be a significant climate of fear and hostility toward people that are in the country recently or people that are seen to be ‘invaders.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Do local authorities ever work with ICE? \u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A number of more conservative cities and counties in California \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\">have come out in opposition of the California Values Act since it took effect in 2018\u003c/a>, but they are bound by it and prevented, in most cases, from giving ICE access to county jails or information on the whereabouts of undocumented immigrants.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nHowever, some local law enforcement leaders do find ways around state and local sanctuary laws. That’s true right now, even in progressive San Francisco. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nOver the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/san-francisco-da-jenkins-promises-fentanyl-dealer-crackdown-withdraws-plea-deals/\">as part of a multi-agency crackdown on fentanyl dealing in the city’s Tenderloin neighborhood\u003c/a>, the San Francisco district attorney’s office has been building cases against suspected dealers, many of them young Honduran immigrants, then handing them off to the U.S. Attorney and dropping the local charges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with much stiffer federal penalties for drug crimes, defendants typically plead guilty, allowing federal authorities to hand them over to ICE for deportation, something San Francisco officials can’t do under sanctuary policies. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco District Attorney Brooke Jenkins says she supports the city’s sanctuary law and abides by it. But she’s unapologetic.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The spirit of Sanctuary City is not to embolden criminal behavior,” \u003ca href=\"https://omny.fm/shows/kqed-segmented-audio/hendricks-sf-fentanyl-sanctuary\">she told KQED earlier this year.\u003c/a> “It is not to embolden selling people death.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump has cast undocumented immigrants as brutal criminals “attacking” and “invading” the U.S., research has repeatedly shown that immigrants — \u003ca href=\"https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/undocumented-immigrant-offending-rate-lower-us-born-citizen-rate\">including undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> — are \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/debunking-myth-immigrants-and-crime\">less likely than other people to commit crimes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What are California and local governments doing ahead of Trump’s second term?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California has been successful before in withstanding legal challenges from the Trump administration against the state’s sanctuary laws. In 2020, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.courthousenews.com/supreme-court-rejects-trump-challenge-of-california-sanctuary-laws/\">U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a Trump administration challenge to SB 54\u003c/a>, allowing the law to stand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to limiting what local and state law enforcement can do, SB 54 says public schools, libraries, hospitals, courthouses and other public facilities are supposed to have policies that define how they will limit interaction with ICE. And the state Attorney General’s office is required to offer model policies they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Defender’s Angela Chan says now is the time, ahead of a second Trump term, for those local entities to take a look at their policies, clarify them and make sure staff members understand them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should do an honest assessment of the many ways they might inadvertently — or purposely — assist ICE,” she says. “They should especially look at their data privacy policies and see how the data they collect from their residents is used and shared with other agencies. If you share data with one federal agency, it can make it very difficult to prevent — especially under a Trump administration — that federal agency from sharing it with another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California is a so-called 'sanctuary state,' and San Francisco declared itself a 'sanctuary city' following the 2016 presidential election. So, what could we expect under the second Trump presidency? ",
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"title": "California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump's Deportation Plans? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Throughout the 2024 campaign, President-elect Donald Trump promised \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">mass deportations as part of his immigration policy,\u003c/a> a strategy he says will include declaring a national emergency and deploying the U.S. military. While these promises have received significant media attention, immigration analysts say that Trump is actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/01/nx-s1-5164531/deportations-local-police-sheriff-trump-border-immigrants\">more likely to lean on local police\u003c/a> and sheriffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013535/california-and-the-bay-area-took-on-trump-before-theyre-ready-to-do-it-again\">have vowed to push back against the Trump administration\u003c/a>. “I can promise to the undocumented community in California that I and my team have been thinking about you for months and the harm that might come from a Trump administration 2.0,” state Attorney General Rob Bonta said \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/video/california-donald-trump-donald-trump-es-government-regulations-u-s-republican-party-20c24862a8114940a6ec2cbf76cb46ac\">at a press conference in San Francisco two days after the election\u003c/a>. “We have planned for you. We have prepared for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple cities in California, including San Francisco, Oakland and San José, have in place what are commonly called “sanctuary laws”: policies designed to protect immigrants from deportation by limiting law enforcement cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). And other cities are bolstering local protections in anticipation of Trump’s pledge of mass deportations. In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/sanctuary-city-trump-deportations-immigrants-los-angeles-836cf68a756c64800bbeb0270e8a965c\">city officials unanimously passed a sanctuary ordinance \u003c/a>on Nov. 19, and in the Bay Area, Redwood City is currently debating a similar move. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the clock ticks down to a second Trump term, what do we know about existing sanctuary laws in cities like San Francisco, along with policies at the state level? And what are some ways these policies do — and do not — protect immigrants from deportation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What is a sanctuary policy?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s no single definition of a “sanctuary law,” but most policies require that state and local law enforcement resources not be used for immigration enforcement. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcityattorney.org/2018/10/05/herrera-wins-ruling-that-san-franciscos-sanctuary-policies-comply-with-federal-law/\">Courts have upheld the legal premise of many of these laws\u003c/a>, pointing out that immigration law is an area of federal responsibility, and local governments don’t get to control how it’s enforced. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, successive administrations have worked to recruit local authorities to assist ICE in identifying and detaining immigrants who the federal agency considers “deportable.” Collaboration could include information-sharing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/criminal-apprehension-program\">agreements that give agents access to prisons and jails\u003c/a>, and a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/287g\">deputizes police and sheriffs to function as immigration agents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>ICE, under both Democratic and Republican presidents, has tried to coerce, pressure and encourage local law enforcement to become their ‘force multipliers,’ because there are many more police, sheriff and probation officers than there are ICE agents,” says Angela Chan, who leads immigrant advocacy efforts at the San Francisco Public Defender’s office and helped draft the sanctuary laws for both San Francisco and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Why have sanctuary policies?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>The sanctuary movement began in the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/show/crosscurrents/2018-03-06/hey-area-a-history-of-san-franciscos-contested-sanctuary-city-status\">with church activists protecting undocumented Salvadorans and Guatemalans escaping civil wars\u003c/a> at a time when the U.S. was denying their asylum claims and backing the repressive governments they had fled.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In response, Berkeley adopted a sanctuary resolution in 1971, the first city in the country to do so, and it’d be almost two decades later that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/information/sanctuary-city-ordinance\">San Francisco enacted its sanctuary ordinance in 1989\u003c/a> after years of organizing \u003ca href=\"https://eltecolote.org/content/en/sf-fights-to-protect-sanctuary-city-status/\">led by the city’s Central American communities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, dozens of Democratic-led cities and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">more than a dozen states\u003c/a> have followed with their own sanctuary policies, emphasizing that public safety depends on trust. At the state level, California has passed a trio of sanctuary laws — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.htm\">TRUST Act\u003c/a> in 2013, the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2792\">TRUTH Act\u003c/a> in 2016 and the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54\">California Values Act\u003c/a> in 2017 — that govern how law enforcement can interact with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants, the bills’ backers argue, need to feel safe going to the police to report crimes and speak up as witnesses, just like everyone else. But the \u003ca href=\"https://cmsny.org/us-undocumented-population-increased-in-july-2023-warren-090624/\">nearly 12 million unauthorized immigrants\u003c/a> and their family members, who live in communities across the country, could be unlikely to cooperate with police if they fear they’ll be reported to ICE.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nIt’s worth noting that most unauthorized immigrants \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/13/key-facts-about-the-changing-u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population/\">have lived in the U.S. for at least a decade\u003c/a>. But under current immigration laws, an overwhelming majority don’t have any way to legalize their status, so they’re stuck in limbo.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What does California’s sanctuary law do?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When the California Values Act (\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54&showamends=false\">SB 54\u003c/a>) took effect in 2018, the first Trump administration was working on ramping up deportations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law says that state and local resources in California shall not be used to “investigate, interrogate, detain, detect, or arrest persons for immigration enforcement purposes” or transfer people to ICE custody without a judge’s warrant.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThere are, however, some major exceptions: SB 54 permits law enforcement to notify ICE about immigrants with any of a long list of serious convictions on their records. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the law makes another big exception for state prisons. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) automatically flags immigrants in custody for ICE and turns them over after they complete their sentences. Even longtime legal residents with green cards are transferred, because they can be deportable based on their criminal record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press conference in late November, Attorney General Bonta affirmed that law enforcement in California would continue to enforce criminal laws. However, he says he would uphold SB 54’s restrictions that prevent state officials from participating in civil immigration enforcement, even if the incoming Trump administration pressures the state.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The federal administration is welcome to do their job, but they cannot commandeer or conscript law enforcement in California to do their job for them,” he says. “cooperation under SB 54 on civil immigration enforcement will not be forthcoming because it would violate the law if it were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12013478\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Don’t sanctuary laws prevent ICE from operating in California?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not exactly. State laws restrict what state and local authorities can do. However, ICE is a federal agency with agents based throughout California. In addition to taking custody of immigrants handed over by prisons, they can and do track down people they believe are deportable. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nUnder President Joe Biden, ICE was guided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/guidelines-civilimmigrationlaw.pdf\">enforcement priorities\u003c/a> that focused on removing immigrants who posed a threat to national security, a threat to public safety or a threat to border security. The policy, based on an Obama-era directive, emphasized that agents would use their discretion in a way that would protect the civil rights of immigrants, even those who could be deported. In 2023, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aila.org/library/featured-issue-prosecutorial-discretion\">the Supreme Court upheld the legality of these enforcement guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, however, President-elect Trump has said he would toss out the priorities of the previous administration and that any immigrant here illegally would be subject to deportation. However, experts say the next administration will also have to set priorities because they won’t be able to remove 11 or 12 million people at once. Trump’s pick for the new role of “border czar,” Thomas Homan, who’s spent a career in immigration enforcement, has indicated he would focus first on immigrants with criminal histories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis by the conservative American Action Forum estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanactionforum.org/daily-dish/the-reality-of-mass-deportation/?utm_source=American+Action+Forum+Emails&utm_campaign=8fb2baf00b-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_23_07_19_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_64783a8335-8fb2baf00b-300300517\">it would cost $400 billion to $600 billion to remove 11.2 million people\u003c/a>, and it would take two decades, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">leaving a significant dent in the U.S. workforce\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nDoris Meissner, a senior fellow at the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute, says she expects that “significant” deportations are coming, along with a pervasive message that immigrants are unwelcome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There may not be mass deportations depending on how one defines that,” she says. “But there will surely be a significant climate of fear and hostility toward people that are in the country recently or people that are seen to be ‘invaders.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Do local authorities ever work with ICE? \u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A number of more conservative cities and counties in California \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\">have come out in opposition of the California Values Act since it took effect in 2018\u003c/a>, but they are bound by it and prevented, in most cases, from giving ICE access to county jails or information on the whereabouts of undocumented immigrants.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nHowever, some local law enforcement leaders do find ways around state and local sanctuary laws. That’s true right now, even in progressive San Francisco. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nOver the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/san-francisco-da-jenkins-promises-fentanyl-dealer-crackdown-withdraws-plea-deals/\">as part of a multi-agency crackdown on fentanyl dealing in the city’s Tenderloin neighborhood\u003c/a>, the San Francisco district attorney’s office has been building cases against suspected dealers, many of them young Honduran immigrants, then handing them off to the U.S. Attorney and dropping the local charges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with much stiffer federal penalties for drug crimes, defendants typically plead guilty, allowing federal authorities to hand them over to ICE for deportation, something San Francisco officials can’t do under sanctuary policies. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco District Attorney Brooke Jenkins says she supports the city’s sanctuary law and abides by it. But she’s unapologetic.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The spirit of Sanctuary City is not to embolden criminal behavior,” \u003ca href=\"https://omny.fm/shows/kqed-segmented-audio/hendricks-sf-fentanyl-sanctuary\">she told KQED earlier this year.\u003c/a> “It is not to embolden selling people death.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump has cast undocumented immigrants as brutal criminals “attacking” and “invading” the U.S., research has repeatedly shown that immigrants — \u003ca href=\"https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/undocumented-immigrant-offending-rate-lower-us-born-citizen-rate\">including undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> — are \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/debunking-myth-immigrants-and-crime\">less likely than other people to commit crimes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What are California and local governments doing ahead of Trump’s second term?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California has been successful before in withstanding legal challenges from the Trump administration against the state’s sanctuary laws. In 2020, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.courthousenews.com/supreme-court-rejects-trump-challenge-of-california-sanctuary-laws/\">U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a Trump administration challenge to SB 54\u003c/a>, allowing the law to stand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to limiting what local and state law enforcement can do, SB 54 says public schools, libraries, hospitals, courthouses and other public facilities are supposed to have policies that define how they will limit interaction with ICE. And the state Attorney General’s office is required to offer model policies they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Defender’s Angela Chan says now is the time, ahead of a second Trump term, for those local entities to take a look at their policies, clarify them and make sure staff members understand them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should do an honest assessment of the many ways they might inadvertently — or purposely — assist ICE,” she says. “They should especially look at their data privacy policies and see how the data they collect from their residents is used and shared with other agencies. If you share data with one federal agency, it can make it very difficult to prevent — especially under a Trump administration — that federal agency from sharing it with another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'What's Going to Happen to My Kids?': California Prepares to Resist Trump Deportations",
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"content": "\u003cp>When he was 18, Chanthon Bun recalled, he was the lookout during a Los Angeles robbery in which no one was hurt. He was sentenced to 50 years in state prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incarcerated for 23 years, he was paroled in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun had come to the United States as a refugee at age 6. He was born during the \u003ca href=\"https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia\">Cambodian Genocide\u003c/a> when millions of people were put into work camps, separated from their families and killed by the communist group Khmer Rouge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he’s a legal permanent resident of the United States, the 46-year-old is among the thousands of Californians who live in constant fear of deportation because of a past criminal conviction. That threat became even more serious earlier this month when Donald Trump was reelected. The president-elect has vowed to launch the biggest militarized mass deportation in U.S. history, and his team has since doubled down on those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about what’s going to happen to my kids,” Bun said. “It’s like you’re not even here. Your mind is in such fear that you can’t even enjoy breathing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration experts warn of an indiscriminate dragnet that could put almost anyone at risk, but some are in more immediate jeopardy than others. Those include noncitizens who have had contact with the criminal justice system, some 1.3 million people nationwide who have already received final orders of removal, and undocumented people who may live or work close to the other two groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who have had contact with the criminal legal system will be of high priority,” said Nayna Gupta, the policy director at the left-leaning Washington think tank American Immigration Council. “Under current immigration law, that includes people who might have convictions from decades prior. There’s no statute of limitations on when the government can remove someone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities closer to the border may be at greater risk early in the next Trump administration because that’s where more Customs and Border Protection agents and Border Patrol officials are located. Trump has said he plans to use those agencies to carry out his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months, advocates have been planning ways to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He doesn’t own our states,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/bio/naureen-shah\">Naureen Shah\u003c/a>, deputy director of government affairs at the American Civil Liberties Union. “And our states will be the frontline in the defense of our civil liberties and our civil rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has the country’s largest immigrant population, already has strong state laws to protect immigrant communities from mass deportations, although not as strong as Oregon and Illinois, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those two states have comprehensive laws restricting transfers of people to ICE, whereas California state prison employees regularly contact the federal immigration enforcement agency about inmates in their custody, including United States citizens, public records show. Immigrant Legal Resource Center, a national nonprofit that provides legal training and does pro-immigrant policy work in California and Texas, estimates 70% to 75% of ICE arrests in the interior of the U.S. are handoffs from another law enforcement agency, such as local jails or state or federal prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, California led in resisting federal deportation of undocumented immigrants by becoming the first “sanctuary state” that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/03/how-california-went-from-anti-immigration-to-sanctuary-state/\">curbed local agencies’ cooperation\u003c/a> with Immigration and Customs Enforcement. But before that law was signed, it was weakened to allow state prisons to continue their coordination with ICE and to give federal immigration agents access to interview people in prisons and jails. Protections that limited police agencies sharing data with ICE were also weakened \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-s-sanctuary-state-bill-protecting-immigrants-closer-approval-n801976\">to allow for information to be provided\u003c/a> if a person has been convicted of one of some 800 crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Trump’s second election, Gov. Gavin Newsom summoned the Legislature, dominated by his fellow Democrats, to a special session starting Dec. 2 — vowing to “protect California values” as the state braces for renewed clashes with the incoming administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘There is no price tag’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump’s political ascent was fueled by racist and xenophobic rhetoric about immigrants: At a December 2023 campaign rally in New Hampshire, for instance, he said they were “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-immigrants-are-poisoning-blood-country-biden-campaign-liken-rcna130141\">poisoning the blood of our country\u003c/a>.” He’s promised to expend massive federal resources on raids and sweeps in immigrant communities, especially in ‘sanctuary cities.’ One goal is to discourage future illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a question of a price tag. It’s not — really, we have no choice,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-no-price-tag-mass-deportation-plan-rcna179178\">he recently told NBC\u003c/a>. “When people have killed and murdered, when drug lords have destroyed countries, and now they’re going to go back to those countries because they’re not staying here. There is no price tag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A majority of registered voters — 56% — agree with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/09/RE_2024.09.27_Voters-on-Immigration_REPORT.pdf\">enforcing mass deportations (PDF)\u003c/a> of immigrants living in the country illegally, according to the Pew Research Center. In a separate survey by Data for Progress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2024/10/25/mass-deportation-is-actually-very-unpopular\">67% of voters say they supported\u003c/a> deporting an undocumented person who has a criminal record for a non-violent offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, immigrant advocates want the state to step up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking to California to provide leadership,” said Alex Mensing with the California Collaborative for Immigrant Justice. “We fully expect California to stand up to ICE’s terror as a state. We fully expect the state to put as much creativity and as many resources as possible toward supporting a response that defends immigrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CalMatters, Attorney General Rob Bonta said Friday his office is preparing legal challenges and bracing for “a full frontal assault on our immigrant communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are ready to file,” he added. “We have been thinking about and preparing and readying ourselves for the possibility of this moment for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said his office has been carefully watching and listening to what the president-elect and his team say they are planning, “and, thankfully, he’s telling us what he’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration 1.0 told us one thing: that Trump is unable to not break the law. It’s his brand. He does what he wants to do, when he wants to and how he wants to, regardless of the Constitution or federal law. And by doing that, he breaks the law,” Bonta said. “That’s why our job is so important to be there when he does and to stop him from doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s attorney general office spent about $10 million a year in legal expenses fighting Trump during the last administration, Bonta acknowledged, but “you can’t put a price on freedom, on rights, on democracy. It is always the right time and the right thing to protect those rights.” During the last Trump administration, California’s attorneys successfully defended protections for people who were brought to the U.S. illegally as children, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, the Golden State has been increasing protections for immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, California passed a law that will allow county health workers to inspect inside federal immigration detention centers where there has been a long documented history of medical neglect and worker safety violations. In 2023, the state fined the for-profit prison operator Geo Group \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1609228.015\">$100,000 for six workplace violations\u003c/a>, including lacking a plan to control COVID-19 spread and failure to provide information and training on hazardous chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12015794\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detainees exercise at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto on Aug. 28, 2019. The expansion of such facilities would be necessary for President-elect Donald Trump to carry out his immigrant deportation plans. \u003ccite>(Chris Carlson, AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Advocates say more could be done, such as strengthening data protections in local police agencies and preventing state prison staff from coordinating with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor could pardon immigrants with old criminal records, shielding them from deportation. Newsom has done it when certain refugees faced removal due to old cases, like Bun’s, but Newsom’s clemency rate has been lower than that of other governors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gov. Newsom has pardoned far fewer people than Gov. Brown,” said Angela Chan, assistant chief attorney of the San Francisco public defender’s office. “Thus far, in his six years in office, Gov. Newsom has granted \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/11/11/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-11-11-24/\">186 pardons\u003c/a>, an average of 31 per year. By contrast, Gov. Brown issued \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/12/governor-jerrry-brown-pardon-record-number/\">1,332 pardons\u003c/a> during his third and fourth terms as governor, an average of 166 pardons per year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are limits to what California can do. Lots of legal issues remain unresolved and will be battled out in court. Most sanctuary laws have a caveat that says local law enforcement cannot cooperate with immigration authorities “unless required by a valid court order.” Experts said what constitutes a valid court order might become an issue for the courts. The U.S. Supreme Court let California’s sanctuary law stand in 2020 by not hearing a Trump challenge to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also can’t do much about military troops entering California. The president can \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10121\">federalize the National Guard\u003c/a>. In 2018, Trump sent nearly 6,000 active-duty service members to the border, authorizing them to perform “military protective activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to have to be fought out in the courts,” said Shawn VanDiver, a national security expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the avenues Trump is exploring to deploy the military, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, would require an invasion by a foreign government, some lawyers say. Lee Gelernt, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union who argued challenges to immigration restrictions during Trump’s first term, said the president-elect’s plan to use the military is illegal, and the civil liberties organization was already preparing legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='More Immigration Coverage' tag='immigration']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump is going to do everything that he can get away with,” Mensing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there are limits to what Trump can do, too, particularly based on the resources he’d need to deliver on some of his campaign promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president-elect has said he plans to carry out a million deportations a year. The highest number of deportations in a single fiscal year in recent history was fiscal year 2012 — during the Obama administration — with 407,821 deportations across the United States. During Trump’s first term, he was only able to carry out several hundred thousand removals a year, about on par with other presidents, at least partly because of California and other states’ new sanctuary laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Immigration Council, the long-term cost of deporting one million people annually could average $88 billion annually, which would be higher than the Department of Homeland Security’s $62 billion budget in fiscal year 2025. It would also require massive expansions of federal immigration court systems and detention facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deportations from California have reached record lows in recent years following the changes in state law and policy about ICE pick-ups and new federal regulations about COVID-19 testing before pick-ups at state prisons, public records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Power not panic’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Advocates are emphasizing the need for community preparedness and organization to combat the anticipated crackdown on immigrants in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of people actively preparing, and I think community members should take heart in that and also participate,” Mensing said. “Ultimately, that is what is going to prevent Trump from getting what he wants, which is to terrorize people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In immigrant communities across the state, advocates are helping those at risk of detention and deportation make emergency plans, including who will pick up their children from school and how to protect their assets in the United States. “Know your rights” workshops are being organized, and neighbors are helping each other get informed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Power not panic” is a mantra Mensing and others often repeat. “Trump is going to attack sanctuary cities and sanctuary states because he is vindictive. Our main tools are to be organized and to be informed,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Rios, director of the American Friends Service Committee’s U.S.-Mexico Border Program, a Quaker organization, said even people with some form of legal status and protection are concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of worry and the amount of uncertainty that people have is just tremendous, and what I tell people is to find a supportive community and to not be alone at this time,” Rios said. He said he was asked to talk to a 6-year-old child “because what he had been hearing in his school terrified him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun said his phone has also been ringing nonstop with urgent calls from fellow Cambodian refugees across the country. Meanwhile, he’s been trying to figure out how to tell his own 3-year-old son that there might be a knock on the door, and he’ll be gone forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like planning a life sentence,” he said. “How could you plan for that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Journalism engineer \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/mohamed-al-elew/\">Mohamed Al Elew\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "'What's Going to Happen to My Kids?': California Prepares to Resist Trump Deportations | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When he was 18, Chanthon Bun recalled, he was the lookout during a Los Angeles robbery in which no one was hurt. He was sentenced to 50 years in state prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incarcerated for 23 years, he was paroled in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun had come to the United States as a refugee at age 6. He was born during the \u003ca href=\"https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia\">Cambodian Genocide\u003c/a> when millions of people were put into work camps, separated from their families and killed by the communist group Khmer Rouge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he’s a legal permanent resident of the United States, the 46-year-old is among the thousands of Californians who live in constant fear of deportation because of a past criminal conviction. That threat became even more serious earlier this month when Donald Trump was reelected. The president-elect has vowed to launch the biggest militarized mass deportation in U.S. history, and his team has since doubled down on those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about what’s going to happen to my kids,” Bun said. “It’s like you’re not even here. Your mind is in such fear that you can’t even enjoy breathing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration experts warn of an indiscriminate dragnet that could put almost anyone at risk, but some are in more immediate jeopardy than others. Those include noncitizens who have had contact with the criminal justice system, some 1.3 million people nationwide who have already received final orders of removal, and undocumented people who may live or work close to the other two groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who have had contact with the criminal legal system will be of high priority,” said Nayna Gupta, the policy director at the left-leaning Washington think tank American Immigration Council. “Under current immigration law, that includes people who might have convictions from decades prior. There’s no statute of limitations on when the government can remove someone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities closer to the border may be at greater risk early in the next Trump administration because that’s where more Customs and Border Protection agents and Border Patrol officials are located. Trump has said he plans to use those agencies to carry out his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months, advocates have been planning ways to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He doesn’t own our states,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/bio/naureen-shah\">Naureen Shah\u003c/a>, deputy director of government affairs at the American Civil Liberties Union. “And our states will be the frontline in the defense of our civil liberties and our civil rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has the country’s largest immigrant population, already has strong state laws to protect immigrant communities from mass deportations, although not as strong as Oregon and Illinois, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those two states have comprehensive laws restricting transfers of people to ICE, whereas California state prison employees regularly contact the federal immigration enforcement agency about inmates in their custody, including United States citizens, public records show. Immigrant Legal Resource Center, a national nonprofit that provides legal training and does pro-immigrant policy work in California and Texas, estimates 70% to 75% of ICE arrests in the interior of the U.S. are handoffs from another law enforcement agency, such as local jails or state or federal prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, California led in resisting federal deportation of undocumented immigrants by becoming the first “sanctuary state” that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/03/how-california-went-from-anti-immigration-to-sanctuary-state/\">curbed local agencies’ cooperation\u003c/a> with Immigration and Customs Enforcement. But before that law was signed, it was weakened to allow state prisons to continue their coordination with ICE and to give federal immigration agents access to interview people in prisons and jails. Protections that limited police agencies sharing data with ICE were also weakened \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-s-sanctuary-state-bill-protecting-immigrants-closer-approval-n801976\">to allow for information to be provided\u003c/a> if a person has been convicted of one of some 800 crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Trump’s second election, Gov. Gavin Newsom summoned the Legislature, dominated by his fellow Democrats, to a special session starting Dec. 2 — vowing to “protect California values” as the state braces for renewed clashes with the incoming administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘There is no price tag’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump’s political ascent was fueled by racist and xenophobic rhetoric about immigrants: At a December 2023 campaign rally in New Hampshire, for instance, he said they were “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-immigrants-are-poisoning-blood-country-biden-campaign-liken-rcna130141\">poisoning the blood of our country\u003c/a>.” He’s promised to expend massive federal resources on raids and sweeps in immigrant communities, especially in ‘sanctuary cities.’ One goal is to discourage future illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a question of a price tag. It’s not — really, we have no choice,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-no-price-tag-mass-deportation-plan-rcna179178\">he recently told NBC\u003c/a>. “When people have killed and murdered, when drug lords have destroyed countries, and now they’re going to go back to those countries because they’re not staying here. There is no price tag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A majority of registered voters — 56% — agree with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/09/RE_2024.09.27_Voters-on-Immigration_REPORT.pdf\">enforcing mass deportations (PDF)\u003c/a> of immigrants living in the country illegally, according to the Pew Research Center. In a separate survey by Data for Progress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2024/10/25/mass-deportation-is-actually-very-unpopular\">67% of voters say they supported\u003c/a> deporting an undocumented person who has a criminal record for a non-violent offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, immigrant advocates want the state to step up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking to California to provide leadership,” said Alex Mensing with the California Collaborative for Immigrant Justice. “We fully expect California to stand up to ICE’s terror as a state. We fully expect the state to put as much creativity and as many resources as possible toward supporting a response that defends immigrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CalMatters, Attorney General Rob Bonta said Friday his office is preparing legal challenges and bracing for “a full frontal assault on our immigrant communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are ready to file,” he added. “We have been thinking about and preparing and readying ourselves for the possibility of this moment for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said his office has been carefully watching and listening to what the president-elect and his team say they are planning, “and, thankfully, he’s telling us what he’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration 1.0 told us one thing: that Trump is unable to not break the law. It’s his brand. He does what he wants to do, when he wants to and how he wants to, regardless of the Constitution or federal law. And by doing that, he breaks the law,” Bonta said. “That’s why our job is so important to be there when he does and to stop him from doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s attorney general office spent about $10 million a year in legal expenses fighting Trump during the last administration, Bonta acknowledged, but “you can’t put a price on freedom, on rights, on democracy. It is always the right time and the right thing to protect those rights.” During the last Trump administration, California’s attorneys successfully defended protections for people who were brought to the U.S. illegally as children, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, the Golden State has been increasing protections for immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, California passed a law that will allow county health workers to inspect inside federal immigration detention centers where there has been a long documented history of medical neglect and worker safety violations. In 2023, the state fined the for-profit prison operator Geo Group \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1609228.015\">$100,000 for six workplace violations\u003c/a>, including lacking a plan to control COVID-19 spread and failure to provide information and training on hazardous chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12015794\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detainees exercise at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto on Aug. 28, 2019. The expansion of such facilities would be necessary for President-elect Donald Trump to carry out his immigrant deportation plans. \u003ccite>(Chris Carlson, AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Advocates say more could be done, such as strengthening data protections in local police agencies and preventing state prison staff from coordinating with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor could pardon immigrants with old criminal records, shielding them from deportation. Newsom has done it when certain refugees faced removal due to old cases, like Bun’s, but Newsom’s clemency rate has been lower than that of other governors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gov. Newsom has pardoned far fewer people than Gov. Brown,” said Angela Chan, assistant chief attorney of the San Francisco public defender’s office. “Thus far, in his six years in office, Gov. Newsom has granted \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/11/11/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-11-11-24/\">186 pardons\u003c/a>, an average of 31 per year. By contrast, Gov. Brown issued \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/12/governor-jerrry-brown-pardon-record-number/\">1,332 pardons\u003c/a> during his third and fourth terms as governor, an average of 166 pardons per year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are limits to what California can do. Lots of legal issues remain unresolved and will be battled out in court. Most sanctuary laws have a caveat that says local law enforcement cannot cooperate with immigration authorities “unless required by a valid court order.” Experts said what constitutes a valid court order might become an issue for the courts. The U.S. Supreme Court let California’s sanctuary law stand in 2020 by not hearing a Trump challenge to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also can’t do much about military troops entering California. The president can \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10121\">federalize the National Guard\u003c/a>. In 2018, Trump sent nearly 6,000 active-duty service members to the border, authorizing them to perform “military protective activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to have to be fought out in the courts,” said Shawn VanDiver, a national security expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the avenues Trump is exploring to deploy the military, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, would require an invasion by a foreign government, some lawyers say. Lee Gelernt, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union who argued challenges to immigration restrictions during Trump’s first term, said the president-elect’s plan to use the military is illegal, and the civil liberties organization was already preparing legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump is going to do everything that he can get away with,” Mensing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there are limits to what Trump can do, too, particularly based on the resources he’d need to deliver on some of his campaign promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president-elect has said he plans to carry out a million deportations a year. The highest number of deportations in a single fiscal year in recent history was fiscal year 2012 — during the Obama administration — with 407,821 deportations across the United States. During Trump’s first term, he was only able to carry out several hundred thousand removals a year, about on par with other presidents, at least partly because of California and other states’ new sanctuary laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Immigration Council, the long-term cost of deporting one million people annually could average $88 billion annually, which would be higher than the Department of Homeland Security’s $62 billion budget in fiscal year 2025. It would also require massive expansions of federal immigration court systems and detention facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deportations from California have reached record lows in recent years following the changes in state law and policy about ICE pick-ups and new federal regulations about COVID-19 testing before pick-ups at state prisons, public records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Power not panic’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Advocates are emphasizing the need for community preparedness and organization to combat the anticipated crackdown on immigrants in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of people actively preparing, and I think community members should take heart in that and also participate,” Mensing said. “Ultimately, that is what is going to prevent Trump from getting what he wants, which is to terrorize people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In immigrant communities across the state, advocates are helping those at risk of detention and deportation make emergency plans, including who will pick up their children from school and how to protect their assets in the United States. “Know your rights” workshops are being organized, and neighbors are helping each other get informed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Power not panic” is a mantra Mensing and others often repeat. “Trump is going to attack sanctuary cities and sanctuary states because he is vindictive. Our main tools are to be organized and to be informed,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Rios, director of the American Friends Service Committee’s U.S.-Mexico Border Program, a Quaker organization, said even people with some form of legal status and protection are concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of worry and the amount of uncertainty that people have is just tremendous, and what I tell people is to find a supportive community and to not be alone at this time,” Rios said. He said he was asked to talk to a 6-year-old child “because what he had been hearing in his school terrified him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun said his phone has also been ringing nonstop with urgent calls from fellow Cambodian refugees across the country. Meanwhile, he’s been trying to figure out how to tell his own 3-year-old son that there might be a knock on the door, and he’ll be gone forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like planning a life sentence,” he said. “How could you plan for that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Journalism engineer \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/mohamed-al-elew/\">Mohamed Al Elew\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-129-year-old-san-francisco-lawsuit-could-stop-trump-from-ending-birthright-citizenship",
"title": "A 129-Year-Old San Francisco Lawsuit Could Stop Trump From Ending Birthright Citizenship",
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"headTitle": "A 129-Year-Old San Francisco Lawsuit Could Stop Trump From Ending Birthright Citizenship | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]s Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013269/what-another-trump-term-could-mean-for-california\">prepares to take office\u003c/a> for a second term, his team is already working on an executive order to end birthright citizenship for future children of undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under Biden’s current policies, even though these millions of illegal border crossers have entered the country unlawfully, all of their future children will become automatic U.S. citizens,” he said in \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/TrumpWarRoom/status/1663537082633953282\">a video published on his social media accounts in 2023\u003c/a>. In the same video, he vowed to sign on the first day of his presidency an executive order “making clear to federal agencies that under the correct interpretation of the law, going forward, the future children of illegal aliens will not receive automatic U.S. citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executive orders allow presidents \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/24605/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan\">to command federal agencies\u003c/a> to carry out their policies — without having to wait for Congress to pass new legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 129-year-old legal case of a San Francisco man who took the federal government to court over his own birthright citizenship status may make it much harder for Trump to fulfill his promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1898, Bay Area-born Wong Kim Ark successfully defended his claim to being a U.S. citizen in the Supreme Court after officials claimed that his parents being Chinese nationals at the time of his birth disqualified him from being an American citizen. For the Bay Area’s Chinese community, who quickly mobilized to defend Wong, the case represented a major victory at a time when anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia were rampant across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, legal experts say the case remains the strongest shield against any Trump executive order that tries to undermine birthright citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015410\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015410\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The intersection of Grant Avenue and Sacramento Street photographed on Nov. 19, 2024. This intersection is where Wong Kim Ark is said to have been born. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Birthright citizenship and the Constitution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Birthright citizenship for all children born in the U.S. is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. It is not the result of a Biden administration policy, as Trump claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Constitution is our foundational document. All three branches of government have to serve the Constitution,” said Ming H. Chen, professor at UC Law San Francisco and faculty-director of the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclawsf.edu/academics/centers/the-center-on-race-immigration-citizenship-and-equality-rice/\">Center for Race, Immigration, Citizenship, and Equality\u003c/a>. What’s more, she said, “the president can’t go beyond the bounds of the Constitution in issuing an executive order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacted in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment states in its first clause that “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This amendment — which enshrined rights like birthright citizenship, due process and equal protection of the laws into the Constitution — was Congress’s response to the laws being passed by many Southern states after the Civil War that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/26/nx-s1-5088040/the-story-of-how-the-14th-amendment-has-remade-america-and-how-america-has-remade-the-14th#:~:text=States%20throughout%20the%20South%20passed,you%20can%27t%20do%20that.\">severely restricted the rights of formerly enslaved Black Americans\u003c/a> and their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, most countries based citizenship on bloodline, Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States from its very beginning was struggling to define its own … national identity,” she said. “Do they want it to be based on a conception of citizenship similar to what we’ve seen in Europe and a lot of the world, which bases citizenship on parentage?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option was having citizenship based on where you were born — a more egalitarian idea, Chen said. “When you look at the 14th Amendment, I think it tells us that the United States really tried to enact a promise of equality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Chinatown mobilized for Wong Kim Ark\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the 1870s, San Francisco was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10399051/draft-2-boomtown\">transitioning from a Gold Rush boomtown to an established American metropolis\u003c/a> — largely thanks to the labor of tens of thousands of immigrant workers from all over the world. Two of these immigrants were \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-fight-for-birthright-citizenship-reshaped-asian-american-families-180981866/\">Wee Lee and her husband Wong Si Ping\u003c/a>, who came from China and gave birth to a son, Wong Kim Ark, in their home located above their shop on Sacramento Street in the heart of San Francisco’s Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an adult, Wong \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/06/1103291268/by-accident-of-birth\">traveled back and forth between California and his family’s village in southern China\u003c/a>. On one of these trips to China, he met and married his wife, who stayed behind with their children, while Wong returned to California, where he worked as a cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on his return to the U.S. from a trip to China in 1896, Wong was detained by customs officials in San Francisco, who blocked him from reentering the U.S. and insisted that he was not an American citizen but rather a Chinese national — a group who at the time faced intense immigration restrictions thanks to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/question/What-is-the-Chinese-Exclusion-Act\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a>. Officials told Wong that his citizenship depended not on where he was born but rather on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wong was in a complicated situation, said David Lei, a community historian and board member of the San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://chsa.org/\">Chinese Historical Society of America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cook. He was in his early 20s. No money — he was really a nobody,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015411\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lei, board member of the Chinese Historical Society of America, poses for a photo at the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Help for Wong came in the form of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA), also known as the Chinese Six Companies, an organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/chinese-consolidated-benevolent-association-ccba-celebrates-its-175th-anniversary-on-october-5-2024\">established 175 years ago in Chinatown\u003c/a> that pooled the resources of many Chinese families and businesses to buy land, develop property and \u003ca href=\"https://chinesehospital-sf.org/history/\">even help finance a hospital.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were the GoFundMe for the Chinese community, and every time there was a lawsuit, they would raise the money to hire the best lawyers for their community,” he said, enabling CCBA to “fight against racist laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the 1880s onward, the Chinese immigrant community throughout the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_prog2.html\">filed over 10,000 lawsuits challenging anti-Chinese laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese after the Chinese Exclusion Act weren’t silent victims — they pushed back,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong goes to the Supreme Court\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Unable to step on U.S. soil., Wong lived on ships in the waters of the San Francisco Bay. Meanwhile, in Chinatown, the CCBA hired a team of lawyers to represent Wong, who argued that he was an American citizen based on the fact that he was born in the U.S. and not on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/169/649\">United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/a>\u003c/em> reached the Supreme Court, it represented a “pivotal moment where [SCOTUS] took up — for the very first time — this question of how to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship clause for everybody,” said Leti Volpp, a law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not just for people whose parents were illegally imported as enslaved people from Africa or were born to persons who were Black in the U.S,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp said that when the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted, there were three exceptions to the citizenship clause:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as high-ranking foreign diplomats who are “not considered subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as an invading army.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children who were born “into what was at that time considered a quasi-sovereign native tribal authority” — an exception that was later eliminated when Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-02/#:~:text=to%20this%20page-,Indian%20Citizenship%20Act,barred%20Native%20Americans%20from%20voting.\">which granted citizenship to all Native people born in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In its legal argument, the U.S. government insisted that at the time of Wong’s birth, his parents — despite being merchants and not diplomats — were subjects to the Emperor of China and not the jurisdiction of the U.S. government. However, after a two-year legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Wong Kim Ark in 1898, affirming his status as an American citizen, along with all the rights that came with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amendment, in clear words and in manifest intent, includes the children born within the territory of the United States of all other persons, of whatever race or color, domiciled within the United States,” wrote Justice Horace Gray in the majority opinion. He noted that if citizenship was denied to the children of parents that were citizens of other countries, that would in turn “deny citizenship to thousands of persons of English, Scotch, Irish, German, or other European parentage, who have always been considered and treated as citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong and the 2024 Election\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So, how does an 1898 Supreme Court ruling influence what President-elect Donald Trump can do when he takes office in 2025?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he’s promised, Trump \u003cem>could\u003c/em> issue an executive order that says the future children of undocumented immigrants will no longer receive U.S. citizenship at birth. But it would “be subject to immediate litigation,” UC Berkeley’s Volpp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a legal system which is based on precedent, which means that there’s this accretion of cases from the past that build up to develop a particular vision of how to interpret the law,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015479\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An individual takes a photo of the Asian American Community Heroes Mural on Jackson.Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> established a legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment that the Supreme Court has never questioned — and other rulings in major citizenship cases since then have also relied on the Wong Kim Ark case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some legal scholars now question whether the \u003cem>U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> protects the children of undocumented immigrants. In an interview \u003ca href=\"https://reason.com/volokh/2024/11/11/an-interview-with-judge-james-c-ho/\">published earlier this month in Reason magazine\u003c/a>, federal judge James C. Ho — who previously defended birthright citizenship for decades — argued that states have the power to consider undocumented immigrants as “an invasion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birthright citizenship obviously doesn’t apply in case of war or invasion,” said Ho, \u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/11/meet-trump-supreme-court-justice-round-two.html\">a potential Trump nominee to SCOTUS\u003c/a>. “No one to my knowledge has ever argued that the children of invading aliens are entitled to birthright citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp, however, doesn’t buy this reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am skeptical that courts would agree that immigrants can somehow be characterized as an ‘invading army,’” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any non-diplomat immigrant in the U.S. “is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and if they commit a crime, they are not immune from prosecution,” Volpp said. “The idea that hostile armies are not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and therefore their children would not be birthright citizens comes from old English law which held that those born in hostile territory were not English subjects because English sovereign authority could not operate there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if not through an executive order, could Trump and his allies still weaken birthright citizenship through a Supreme Court decision — similar to the victory they achieved in 2022 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11917111/even-without-roe-v-wade-abortion-is-still-legal-in-california-heres-what-you-need-to-know\">the court overturned \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, ruling that a national right to abortion was not “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history or tradition”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s unlikely, Volpp said. “In the case of Wong Kim Ark (and unlike with Roe), there has been no chipping away at precedent through other decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the court wants to look backwards to history, it is very clear that the original intent of the framers was to guarantee birthright citizenship to children of immigrants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To permanently alter birthright citizenship, Trump would need to change the actual text of the Constitution, UC Law San Francisco’s Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to go against a constitutional amendment and a Supreme Court case that has enshrined this interpretation of birthright citizenship as being very broad, you would need [another] constitutional amendment,” she said. And any amendment would require the votes of two-thirds of both the Senate and the House of Representatives, along with the approval of three-fourths of state governments — with at least 37 out of the 50 states voting in favor of the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the results of the 2024 election, Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/15/nx-s1-5191885/legislature-election-results-2024\">will have complete control over 27 state legislatures\u003c/a>, still far below what they need. For their part, Democrats have made it clear \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-birthright-threat-pelosi/story?id=58867579\">that they are not interested in limiting birthright citizenship\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘So many different corners of America’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After winning his case in the Supreme Court, Wong Kim Ark continued to work and travel back and forth between China and San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2015/10/02/445346769/he-famously-fought-for-his-u-s-citizenship-where-are-his-descendants-now\">His descendants now live all over California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the CCBA — which celebrated its 175th birthday earlier this year — continued to support other Chinese American families as they took on discriminatory policies at every level of government throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, alongside other organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese community took on [these legal fights] deliberately, as a community, as a strategy, winning all these rights for all Americans,” said Lei, from the Chinese Historical Society of America, pointing to 1974’s \u003cem>Lau v. Nichols\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf\">a class action suit brought by Chinese students\u003c/a> in the San Francisco Unified School District who did not speak English \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/50th-anniversary-of-lau-v-nichols-landmark-ruling-on-the-rights-of-immigrant-students-for-bilingual-education\">that helped establish bilingual education in schools across the country\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015406\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015406\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individuals walk past Gordon J. Lau Elementary School, which was created in 1885 to segregate Chinese from white students in public schools, on Clay Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Chen, the Wong Kim Ark case — which hinged on an amendment first intended to preserve citizenship for the descendants of formerly-enslaved Black people — is symbolic of how legal battles for equality in the U.S. have been furthered by various communities for different groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the modern debate is largely about DACA recipients, DREAMers, people who came to the United States from Mexico and other parts of Latin America,” she said. “I think you can really see that this issue touches so many different corners of America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where birthright citizenship is so important,” she said. “And trying to challenge it is so dangerous because it’s not just about trying to find equality in one lifetime. It’s about trying to cut off the possibility forever for a community.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 1898, Wong Kim Ark, a man born in the U.S. to Chinese parents, won a Supreme Court battle to defend his claim to citizenship. His case could prevent Trump from fulfilling his promise to end birthright citizenship in the U.S. ",
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"title": "A 129-Year-Old San Francisco Lawsuit Could Stop Trump From Ending Birthright Citizenship | KQED",
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"headline": "A 129-Year-Old San Francisco Lawsuit Could Stop Trump From Ending Birthright Citizenship",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>s Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013269/what-another-trump-term-could-mean-for-california\">prepares to take office\u003c/a> for a second term, his team is already working on an executive order to end birthright citizenship for future children of undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under Biden’s current policies, even though these millions of illegal border crossers have entered the country unlawfully, all of their future children will become automatic U.S. citizens,” he said in \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/TrumpWarRoom/status/1663537082633953282\">a video published on his social media accounts in 2023\u003c/a>. In the same video, he vowed to sign on the first day of his presidency an executive order “making clear to federal agencies that under the correct interpretation of the law, going forward, the future children of illegal aliens will not receive automatic U.S. citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executive orders allow presidents \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/24605/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan\">to command federal agencies\u003c/a> to carry out their policies — without having to wait for Congress to pass new legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 129-year-old legal case of a San Francisco man who took the federal government to court over his own birthright citizenship status may make it much harder for Trump to fulfill his promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1898, Bay Area-born Wong Kim Ark successfully defended his claim to being a U.S. citizen in the Supreme Court after officials claimed that his parents being Chinese nationals at the time of his birth disqualified him from being an American citizen. For the Bay Area’s Chinese community, who quickly mobilized to defend Wong, the case represented a major victory at a time when anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia were rampant across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, legal experts say the case remains the strongest shield against any Trump executive order that tries to undermine birthright citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015410\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015410\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The intersection of Grant Avenue and Sacramento Street photographed on Nov. 19, 2024. This intersection is where Wong Kim Ark is said to have been born. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Birthright citizenship and the Constitution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Birthright citizenship for all children born in the U.S. is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. It is not the result of a Biden administration policy, as Trump claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Constitution is our foundational document. All three branches of government have to serve the Constitution,” said Ming H. Chen, professor at UC Law San Francisco and faculty-director of the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclawsf.edu/academics/centers/the-center-on-race-immigration-citizenship-and-equality-rice/\">Center for Race, Immigration, Citizenship, and Equality\u003c/a>. What’s more, she said, “the president can’t go beyond the bounds of the Constitution in issuing an executive order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacted in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment states in its first clause that “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This amendment — which enshrined rights like birthright citizenship, due process and equal protection of the laws into the Constitution — was Congress’s response to the laws being passed by many Southern states after the Civil War that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/26/nx-s1-5088040/the-story-of-how-the-14th-amendment-has-remade-america-and-how-america-has-remade-the-14th#:~:text=States%20throughout%20the%20South%20passed,you%20can%27t%20do%20that.\">severely restricted the rights of formerly enslaved Black Americans\u003c/a> and their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, most countries based citizenship on bloodline, Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States from its very beginning was struggling to define its own … national identity,” she said. “Do they want it to be based on a conception of citizenship similar to what we’ve seen in Europe and a lot of the world, which bases citizenship on parentage?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option was having citizenship based on where you were born — a more egalitarian idea, Chen said. “When you look at the 14th Amendment, I think it tells us that the United States really tried to enact a promise of equality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Chinatown mobilized for Wong Kim Ark\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the 1870s, San Francisco was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10399051/draft-2-boomtown\">transitioning from a Gold Rush boomtown to an established American metropolis\u003c/a> — largely thanks to the labor of tens of thousands of immigrant workers from all over the world. Two of these immigrants were \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-fight-for-birthright-citizenship-reshaped-asian-american-families-180981866/\">Wee Lee and her husband Wong Si Ping\u003c/a>, who came from China and gave birth to a son, Wong Kim Ark, in their home located above their shop on Sacramento Street in the heart of San Francisco’s Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an adult, Wong \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/06/1103291268/by-accident-of-birth\">traveled back and forth between California and his family’s village in southern China\u003c/a>. On one of these trips to China, he met and married his wife, who stayed behind with their children, while Wong returned to California, where he worked as a cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on his return to the U.S. from a trip to China in 1896, Wong was detained by customs officials in San Francisco, who blocked him from reentering the U.S. and insisted that he was not an American citizen but rather a Chinese national — a group who at the time faced intense immigration restrictions thanks to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/question/What-is-the-Chinese-Exclusion-Act\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a>. Officials told Wong that his citizenship depended not on where he was born but rather on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wong was in a complicated situation, said David Lei, a community historian and board member of the San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://chsa.org/\">Chinese Historical Society of America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cook. He was in his early 20s. No money — he was really a nobody,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015411\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lei, board member of the Chinese Historical Society of America, poses for a photo at the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Help for Wong came in the form of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA), also known as the Chinese Six Companies, an organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/chinese-consolidated-benevolent-association-ccba-celebrates-its-175th-anniversary-on-october-5-2024\">established 175 years ago in Chinatown\u003c/a> that pooled the resources of many Chinese families and businesses to buy land, develop property and \u003ca href=\"https://chinesehospital-sf.org/history/\">even help finance a hospital.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were the GoFundMe for the Chinese community, and every time there was a lawsuit, they would raise the money to hire the best lawyers for their community,” he said, enabling CCBA to “fight against racist laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the 1880s onward, the Chinese immigrant community throughout the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_prog2.html\">filed over 10,000 lawsuits challenging anti-Chinese laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese after the Chinese Exclusion Act weren’t silent victims — they pushed back,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong goes to the Supreme Court\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Unable to step on U.S. soil., Wong lived on ships in the waters of the San Francisco Bay. Meanwhile, in Chinatown, the CCBA hired a team of lawyers to represent Wong, who argued that he was an American citizen based on the fact that he was born in the U.S. and not on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/169/649\">United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/a>\u003c/em> reached the Supreme Court, it represented a “pivotal moment where [SCOTUS] took up — for the very first time — this question of how to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship clause for everybody,” said Leti Volpp, a law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not just for people whose parents were illegally imported as enslaved people from Africa or were born to persons who were Black in the U.S,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp said that when the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted, there were three exceptions to the citizenship clause:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as high-ranking foreign diplomats who are “not considered subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as an invading army.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children who were born “into what was at that time considered a quasi-sovereign native tribal authority” — an exception that was later eliminated when Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-02/#:~:text=to%20this%20page-,Indian%20Citizenship%20Act,barred%20Native%20Americans%20from%20voting.\">which granted citizenship to all Native people born in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In its legal argument, the U.S. government insisted that at the time of Wong’s birth, his parents — despite being merchants and not diplomats — were subjects to the Emperor of China and not the jurisdiction of the U.S. government. However, after a two-year legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Wong Kim Ark in 1898, affirming his status as an American citizen, along with all the rights that came with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amendment, in clear words and in manifest intent, includes the children born within the territory of the United States of all other persons, of whatever race or color, domiciled within the United States,” wrote Justice Horace Gray in the majority opinion. He noted that if citizenship was denied to the children of parents that were citizens of other countries, that would in turn “deny citizenship to thousands of persons of English, Scotch, Irish, German, or other European parentage, who have always been considered and treated as citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong and the 2024 Election\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So, how does an 1898 Supreme Court ruling influence what President-elect Donald Trump can do when he takes office in 2025?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he’s promised, Trump \u003cem>could\u003c/em> issue an executive order that says the future children of undocumented immigrants will no longer receive U.S. citizenship at birth. But it would “be subject to immediate litigation,” UC Berkeley’s Volpp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a legal system which is based on precedent, which means that there’s this accretion of cases from the past that build up to develop a particular vision of how to interpret the law,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015479\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An individual takes a photo of the Asian American Community Heroes Mural on Jackson.Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> established a legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment that the Supreme Court has never questioned — and other rulings in major citizenship cases since then have also relied on the Wong Kim Ark case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some legal scholars now question whether the \u003cem>U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> protects the children of undocumented immigrants. In an interview \u003ca href=\"https://reason.com/volokh/2024/11/11/an-interview-with-judge-james-c-ho/\">published earlier this month in Reason magazine\u003c/a>, federal judge James C. Ho — who previously defended birthright citizenship for decades — argued that states have the power to consider undocumented immigrants as “an invasion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birthright citizenship obviously doesn’t apply in case of war or invasion,” said Ho, \u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/11/meet-trump-supreme-court-justice-round-two.html\">a potential Trump nominee to SCOTUS\u003c/a>. “No one to my knowledge has ever argued that the children of invading aliens are entitled to birthright citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp, however, doesn’t buy this reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am skeptical that courts would agree that immigrants can somehow be characterized as an ‘invading army,’” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any non-diplomat immigrant in the U.S. “is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and if they commit a crime, they are not immune from prosecution,” Volpp said. “The idea that hostile armies are not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and therefore their children would not be birthright citizens comes from old English law which held that those born in hostile territory were not English subjects because English sovereign authority could not operate there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if not through an executive order, could Trump and his allies still weaken birthright citizenship through a Supreme Court decision — similar to the victory they achieved in 2022 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11917111/even-without-roe-v-wade-abortion-is-still-legal-in-california-heres-what-you-need-to-know\">the court overturned \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, ruling that a national right to abortion was not “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history or tradition”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s unlikely, Volpp said. “In the case of Wong Kim Ark (and unlike with Roe), there has been no chipping away at precedent through other decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the court wants to look backwards to history, it is very clear that the original intent of the framers was to guarantee birthright citizenship to children of immigrants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To permanently alter birthright citizenship, Trump would need to change the actual text of the Constitution, UC Law San Francisco’s Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to go against a constitutional amendment and a Supreme Court case that has enshrined this interpretation of birthright citizenship as being very broad, you would need [another] constitutional amendment,” she said. And any amendment would require the votes of two-thirds of both the Senate and the House of Representatives, along with the approval of three-fourths of state governments — with at least 37 out of the 50 states voting in favor of the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the results of the 2024 election, Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/15/nx-s1-5191885/legislature-election-results-2024\">will have complete control over 27 state legislatures\u003c/a>, still far below what they need. For their part, Democrats have made it clear \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-birthright-threat-pelosi/story?id=58867579\">that they are not interested in limiting birthright citizenship\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘So many different corners of America’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After winning his case in the Supreme Court, Wong Kim Ark continued to work and travel back and forth between China and San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2015/10/02/445346769/he-famously-fought-for-his-u-s-citizenship-where-are-his-descendants-now\">His descendants now live all over California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the CCBA — which celebrated its 175th birthday earlier this year — continued to support other Chinese American families as they took on discriminatory policies at every level of government throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, alongside other organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese community took on [these legal fights] deliberately, as a community, as a strategy, winning all these rights for all Americans,” said Lei, from the Chinese Historical Society of America, pointing to 1974’s \u003cem>Lau v. Nichols\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf\">a class action suit brought by Chinese students\u003c/a> in the San Francisco Unified School District who did not speak English \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/50th-anniversary-of-lau-v-nichols-landmark-ruling-on-the-rights-of-immigrant-students-for-bilingual-education\">that helped establish bilingual education in schools across the country\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015406\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015406\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individuals walk past Gordon J. Lau Elementary School, which was created in 1885 to segregate Chinese from white students in public schools, on Clay Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Chen, the Wong Kim Ark case — which hinged on an amendment first intended to preserve citizenship for the descendants of formerly-enslaved Black people — is symbolic of how legal battles for equality in the U.S. have been furthered by various communities for different groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the modern debate is largely about DACA recipients, DREAMers, people who came to the United States from Mexico and other parts of Latin America,” she said. “I think you can really see that this issue touches so many different corners of America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where birthright citizenship is so important,” she said. “And trying to challenge it is so dangerous because it’s not just about trying to find equality in one lifetime. It’s about trying to cut off the possibility forever for a community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Undocumented? What to Know Before a Second Trump Term",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015513/indocumentados-que-hay-que-saber-antes-segundo-mandato-trump\">\u003ci>Leer en español\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 20, 2025, Donald Trump will once again \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president\">step into the White House as President of the United States\u003c/a> — and is expected to bring with him sweeping changes in the country’s immigration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has already named two individuals who will have key positions in his new administration: Stephen Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/11/g-s1-33741/trump-stephen-miller-deputy-chief-of-staff-immigration-policy-deportations\">as his deputy chief of staff\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">Thomas Homan as his “border czar.”\u003c/a> Both helped form immigration policies during Trump’s first term, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/21/959074750/biden-suspends-deportations-stops-remain-in-mexico-policy\">the “Remain in Mexico” program\u003c/a>, which forced migrants seeking asylum to wait for their court dates in Mexican — rather than American — territory, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741769333/u-s-sets-new-asylum-rule-telling-potential-refugees-to-apply-elsewhere\">the “safe third country” agreements\u003c/a> requiring migrant seekers to first request asylum in countries like El Salvador or Guatemala.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they return to the White House, both Miller and Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html\">want to fulfill many of Trump’s 2024 campaign promises\u003c/a>. These include ending the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/DACA\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program\u003c/a> or DACA; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/28/us/politics/harris-trump-asylum-immigration.html\">strictly limiting the asylum process\u003c/a>; expanding migrant detention centers; and enforcing what the president-elect \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/03/trump-mass-deportations-detention-camps-military-migrants\">has called “the largest domestic deportation operation in American history.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">California has 1.8 million residents who l\u003c/a>ack permanent legal status, according to the latest available research — roughly 5% of people in the state. Eight percent of California households include a family member without a permanent legal status. Many are now feeling anxiety, confusion and fear as Trump continues to threaten deportation for people lacking permanent legal status — something that could separate thousands of families.[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, we have nine weeks to get ready for what I would say is going to be a much worse version of what we’ve seen before,” said Huy Tran, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">Services, Immigrant Rights and Education Network (SIREN)\u003c/a>, an organization with offices in San José and Fresno that offers legal aid, trainings and leadership development to immigrant communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand what lies ahead and what undocumented and “mixed-status” families can do right now, we spoke to immigration attorneys working with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">legal aid groups\u003c/a> throughout the state. Keep reading to hear from experts, keeping in mind that each immigration situation is unique — and that for specific recommendations, it is best to talk to a licensed attorney about your individual case.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who would first be impacted by Trump’s immigration policies?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump may make a lot of promises on the campaign trail, but it’s important to question what he actually can do as president, said Lourdes Martínez, co-directing attorney of the immigrants’ rights practice at \u003ca href=\"https://www.centrolegal.org/\">Centro Legal de la Raza\u003c/a>, a legal services nonprofit in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is,” Martínez said, “big changes to the law move very slowly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something she reminds her clients is that Joe Biden is still the president until Trump’s inauguration on Jan. 20. Until then, Trump can’t make any changes to immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once Trump is in office, she added, he will most likely focus on things he can change quickly without needing to go through Congress. Martínez said these would include security along the U.S.-Mexico border or the way that the federal government handles \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/other-resources/immigration-benefits-in-eoir-removal-proceedings\">active removal proceedings\u003c/a> (when a judge decides if an immigrant who lacks permanent legal status should be deported from the country.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where lawyers are going to focus,” she said. “People who already have a case in court, especially those who are in removal proceedings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s you, Martínez said — or a loved one — “I think it would be wise” to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">check in with a lawyer as soon as possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do you know if you are in a removal proceeding?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) at the Department of Justice manages immigration courts, and if you’re in an active removal proceeding, they should have sent you a letter in the mail with the details of your next hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you \u003cem>haven’t\u003c/em> received a letter from EOIR, you can call the immigration court managing your case and have \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">your Alien Registration Number\u003c/a> (A-Number) ready — it’s a number that you can find on documents you have received from U.S. immigration officials. You can find the contact information of the court managing your case \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">by entering your A-Number on EOIR’s website\u003c/a>.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=news_12013409,news_12013960,news_12014017]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have never come in touch with immigration law enforcement, like Immigration and Customs Enforcement, you are likely not in the system,” Martínez said. “Most of our clients here in the Bay Area with new hearings are most likely people that were detained at the border and they’ve made their way here. They have a history of detention. They know they were detained. And they’ll have some paperwork.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In active removal proceedings, a Trump White House could exert influence upon which cases are given priority. According to the National Immigration Law Center, this is called “prosecutorial discretion”: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nilc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/president-legal-authority-2014-08-20.pdf\">the power to decide whom to investigate, arrest, detain, charge and prosecute\u003c/a>. According to \u003ca href=\"https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-01143-ICEs-Signed-Response-to-Representative-Tony-Gonzales.pdf\">data from Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>, there are over 662,500 noncitizens with criminal histories on this agency’s list of pending or ongoing cases, and that includes both detained and non-detained immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if the Trump administration changes which cases are prioritized, that only affects people who are \u003cem>already\u003c/em> going to court for an active removal proceeding. But Martínez said that the huge media attention Trump gets from his threats against immigrants without permanent legal status ends up creating a perception of fear — and that’s by design, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government is more likely going to do the things that can get the Trump administration visibility, so he can show off to his supporters that he’s doing what he said he would do,” she said. “Most likely what we might face is instead a culture of terror against the immigrant community … they only have to detain a few people for the fear to really reverberate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you’re not in an active removal proceeding, experts still recommend checking in with an immigration attorney on what your best options are, depending on your specific situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>If you’re on DACA, what can you do?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you are currently one of the more than 800,000 people nationally on DACA and \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-renewal-all-the-information-you-need-to-know-if-you-are-looking-to-renew/\">are eligible to renew this protection\u003c/a>, advocates recommend you talk to your attorney as soon as you can about a DACA renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because it’s not just the incoming Trump administration that is looking to change — or eliminate — the program; a federal court that has gained a reputation for hardline immigration decisions\u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/daca-undocumented-youth-deportation-trump-harris-2024-fifth-circuit/\"> is currently reviewing the legality of DACA\u003c/a>. With this in mind, you may want to talk with a lawyer about if there’s anything else related to your situation that could be turned into a lawful status, Martínez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember: According to the federal government, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-of-deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals-daca/frequently-asked-questions\">anyone who has DACA entered the country unlawfully\u003c/a>. Having an “unlawful entry” on your record makes it very difficult for DACA recipients to then gain permanent status through marriage or employee sponsorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “DACA does have provisions that allow people to get \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-prep-session-4-daca-renewals-and-applying-for-advance-parole/\">advance parole\u003c/a>: when [recipients] are able to travel outside the country for very special reasons, such as educational purposes, medical emergencies or going to visit a family member who is about to pass away,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you can obtain advance parole, Martínez said, that could \u003cem>potentially\u003c/em> improve your chances of improving your situation. If you leave the country, fulfill the purpose of that travel and then reenter on your advance parole, “you are no longer without lawful entry,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a lawful entry on your record may help when applying for a lawful status, she said. “If there are DACAmented people out there who could be eligible for this advance parole,” Martínez said, “this would be the time to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014518\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014518\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1170\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-800x488.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1020x622.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1536x936.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young immigrants and supporters walk holding signs during a rally in support of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) in Los Angeles, California, on Sept. 1, 2017. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How to prepare for Jan. 20 if your family is mixed-status\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A very common situation immigration attorneys see is mixed-status families — when either a parent or spouse lacks permanent legal status while others in the family are citizens or permanent residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, family members with legal status can petition for direct relatives without permanent legal status, said Gilberto Nicolás González, immigration staff attorney at \u003ca href=\"https://www.larazacrc.org/\">La Raza Community Resource Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco. “If you know anybody who’s in your direct family who has any sort of legal status and you don’t, then please talk to them to see if they would be willing to petition for you,” he recommended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something important to keep in mind: in June, \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/biden-parole-place-announcement-helping-mixed-status-families-stay-together\">the Biden administration announced “Parole in Place,”\u003c/a> a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">would have allowed undocumented spouses and stepchildren of American citizens to apply for a green card\u003c/a> without first having to leave the U.S. However, after only a week of accepting applications, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">a federal judge in Texas struck down Parole in Place.\u003c/a> This means that in many situations, spouses without permanent legal status still have to temporarily leave the country if they want to apply for legal status despite already being married to a U.S. citizen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>González adds that there are some small things that families can do to help stay together if a relative is at risk of being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for people to know that they should not publish their locations online,” he said, adding that immigration officials can work with local law enforcement to use information available on social media to track down immigrants who have a deportation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014534\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-800x533.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1020x679.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1536x1023.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families attend a workshop for immigrants without permanent legal status in Coachella, California, during the first Trump term on Feb. 24, 2017. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most cities in the Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/05/555920658/california-governor-signs-sanctuary-state-bill\">the whole state of California\u003c/a> have adopted what is referred to as “sanctuary” laws when local and state officials do not cooperate with federal immigration law enforcement. \u003cspan style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\">However, advocates stress that these policies \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are not perfect shields\u003c/a>.\u003c/span> That’s why they remind folks to avoid situations where they could end up arrested or questioned by law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families should also prepare for the worst, said Cathy Sakimura, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lsc-sf.org/how-we-can-help/\">Legal Services for Children\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based legal aid organization that primarily serves minors who entered the country without their parents. One difficult question adults with children who are U.S. citizens should consider when making an emergency plan is, she said, “Who should care for children if parents are deported?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents may be able to fill out a standby guardianship, for example, or some other kind of estate planning documents around nominating who they would want to take care of their child if something were to happen to them,” Sakimura said. She said that it’s best to talk to a lawyer now about preparing legal and financial documents and how to address specific needs children may have if parents are suddenly placed in the custody of immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Remember, the Constitution still protects you…\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2019, during the last Trump presidency, ICE announced that it would carry out \u003ca href=\"https://www.univision.com/noticias/inmigracion/comienza-el-operativo-de-ice-para-arrestar-a-indocumentados-con-orden-de-deportacion-final\">large-scale raids to detain immigrants who lack permanent legal status across the country\u003c/a>. In most states, ICE detained a few dozen individuals at a time, but in Mississippi, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/07/749243985/mississippi-immigration-raids-net-hundreds-of-workers\">officials arrested hundreds of immigrants working at food processing plants\u003c/a>. At this time, immigrant advocates were on high alert, tracking ICE’s movements around the clock to get information and legal aid to vulnerable individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the organizations that led this effort in California was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">SIREN\u003c/a>, which has consistently held workshops in schools, churches and community centers, letting people know what to do if an ICE agent knocked on their door. Folks who attended these training sessions also received \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/documents/red_card-self_srv-english.pdf\">small red cards in multiple languages that listed their rights during an encounter with ICE\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014479\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg 735w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At training sessions, SIREN hands out small red cards that explain an individual’s rights during an encounter with ICE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even when you are face-to-face with an immigration official, said Tran from SIREN, “the Constitution still applies — and that’s what the red cards are based on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the rights that every person within the United States can utilize because these are rules and expectations that are placed on law enforcement,” he explained, adding that the protections in the Constitution apply regardless of your immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>… and by your community\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are many lessons from the first Trump administration that immigrants lacking permanent legal status — along with their families and advocates — can apply now, Martínez said. “One lesson learned is the importance of community action at the local level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Living in terror is very detrimental to our mental and emotional health,” she said. “We really cannot discount the importance of being in community, to build support systems that are pragmatically really effective, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclusocal.org/en/know-your-rights/california-values-act-sb-54#:~:text=The%20California%20Values%20Act%20(SB,into%20effect%20January%201%2C%202018.\">like sanctuary policies\u003c/a> — but also the unseen part of life, the emotional and psychological impact of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that we are bracing for changes that will not be easy to deal with,” Martínez said. “Ultimately, the real power is with the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that it’s really hard to believe that when you’re an undocumented person, but the real power is really your internal resources to withstand these attacks of fear and not let yourself be in a state of terror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This guide includes reporting from KQED’s Dana Cronin and the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Here are ways that immigrants lacking permanent legal status — and folks in mixed-status families — can prepare for the sweeping immigration changes proposed by President-elect Donald Trump for his second term. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015513/indocumentados-que-hay-que-saber-antes-segundo-mandato-trump\">\u003ci>Leer en español\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 20, 2025, Donald Trump will once again \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president\">step into the White House as President of the United States\u003c/a> — and is expected to bring with him sweeping changes in the country’s immigration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has already named two individuals who will have key positions in his new administration: Stephen Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/11/g-s1-33741/trump-stephen-miller-deputy-chief-of-staff-immigration-policy-deportations\">as his deputy chief of staff\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">Thomas Homan as his “border czar.”\u003c/a> Both helped form immigration policies during Trump’s first term, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/21/959074750/biden-suspends-deportations-stops-remain-in-mexico-policy\">the “Remain in Mexico” program\u003c/a>, which forced migrants seeking asylum to wait for their court dates in Mexican — rather than American — territory, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741769333/u-s-sets-new-asylum-rule-telling-potential-refugees-to-apply-elsewhere\">the “safe third country” agreements\u003c/a> requiring migrant seekers to first request asylum in countries like El Salvador or Guatemala.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they return to the White House, both Miller and Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html\">want to fulfill many of Trump’s 2024 campaign promises\u003c/a>. These include ending the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/DACA\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program\u003c/a> or DACA; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/28/us/politics/harris-trump-asylum-immigration.html\">strictly limiting the asylum process\u003c/a>; expanding migrant detention centers; and enforcing what the president-elect \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/03/trump-mass-deportations-detention-camps-military-migrants\">has called “the largest domestic deportation operation in American history.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">California has 1.8 million residents who l\u003c/a>ack permanent legal status, according to the latest available research — roughly 5% of people in the state. Eight percent of California households include a family member without a permanent legal status. Many are now feeling anxiety, confusion and fear as Trump continues to threaten deportation for people lacking permanent legal status — something that could separate thousands of families.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, we have nine weeks to get ready for what I would say is going to be a much worse version of what we’ve seen before,” said Huy Tran, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">Services, Immigrant Rights and Education Network (SIREN)\u003c/a>, an organization with offices in San José and Fresno that offers legal aid, trainings and leadership development to immigrant communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand what lies ahead and what undocumented and “mixed-status” families can do right now, we spoke to immigration attorneys working with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">legal aid groups\u003c/a> throughout the state. Keep reading to hear from experts, keeping in mind that each immigration situation is unique — and that for specific recommendations, it is best to talk to a licensed attorney about your individual case.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who would first be impacted by Trump’s immigration policies?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump may make a lot of promises on the campaign trail, but it’s important to question what he actually can do as president, said Lourdes Martínez, co-directing attorney of the immigrants’ rights practice at \u003ca href=\"https://www.centrolegal.org/\">Centro Legal de la Raza\u003c/a>, a legal services nonprofit in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is,” Martínez said, “big changes to the law move very slowly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something she reminds her clients is that Joe Biden is still the president until Trump’s inauguration on Jan. 20. Until then, Trump can’t make any changes to immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once Trump is in office, she added, he will most likely focus on things he can change quickly without needing to go through Congress. Martínez said these would include security along the U.S.-Mexico border or the way that the federal government handles \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/other-resources/immigration-benefits-in-eoir-removal-proceedings\">active removal proceedings\u003c/a> (when a judge decides if an immigrant who lacks permanent legal status should be deported from the country.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where lawyers are going to focus,” she said. “People who already have a case in court, especially those who are in removal proceedings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s you, Martínez said — or a loved one — “I think it would be wise” to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">check in with a lawyer as soon as possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do you know if you are in a removal proceeding?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) at the Department of Justice manages immigration courts, and if you’re in an active removal proceeding, they should have sent you a letter in the mail with the details of your next hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you \u003cem>haven’t\u003c/em> received a letter from EOIR, you can call the immigration court managing your case and have \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">your Alien Registration Number\u003c/a> (A-Number) ready — it’s a number that you can find on documents you have received from U.S. immigration officials. You can find the contact information of the court managing your case \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">by entering your A-Number on EOIR’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have never come in touch with immigration law enforcement, like Immigration and Customs Enforcement, you are likely not in the system,” Martínez said. “Most of our clients here in the Bay Area with new hearings are most likely people that were detained at the border and they’ve made their way here. They have a history of detention. They know they were detained. And they’ll have some paperwork.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In active removal proceedings, a Trump White House could exert influence upon which cases are given priority. According to the National Immigration Law Center, this is called “prosecutorial discretion”: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nilc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/president-legal-authority-2014-08-20.pdf\">the power to decide whom to investigate, arrest, detain, charge and prosecute\u003c/a>. According to \u003ca href=\"https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-01143-ICEs-Signed-Response-to-Representative-Tony-Gonzales.pdf\">data from Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>, there are over 662,500 noncitizens with criminal histories on this agency’s list of pending or ongoing cases, and that includes both detained and non-detained immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if the Trump administration changes which cases are prioritized, that only affects people who are \u003cem>already\u003c/em> going to court for an active removal proceeding. But Martínez said that the huge media attention Trump gets from his threats against immigrants without permanent legal status ends up creating a perception of fear — and that’s by design, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government is more likely going to do the things that can get the Trump administration visibility, so he can show off to his supporters that he’s doing what he said he would do,” she said. “Most likely what we might face is instead a culture of terror against the immigrant community … they only have to detain a few people for the fear to really reverberate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you’re not in an active removal proceeding, experts still recommend checking in with an immigration attorney on what your best options are, depending on your specific situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>If you’re on DACA, what can you do?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you are currently one of the more than 800,000 people nationally on DACA and \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-renewal-all-the-information-you-need-to-know-if-you-are-looking-to-renew/\">are eligible to renew this protection\u003c/a>, advocates recommend you talk to your attorney as soon as you can about a DACA renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because it’s not just the incoming Trump administration that is looking to change — or eliminate — the program; a federal court that has gained a reputation for hardline immigration decisions\u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/daca-undocumented-youth-deportation-trump-harris-2024-fifth-circuit/\"> is currently reviewing the legality of DACA\u003c/a>. With this in mind, you may want to talk with a lawyer about if there’s anything else related to your situation that could be turned into a lawful status, Martínez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember: According to the federal government, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-of-deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals-daca/frequently-asked-questions\">anyone who has DACA entered the country unlawfully\u003c/a>. Having an “unlawful entry” on your record makes it very difficult for DACA recipients to then gain permanent status through marriage or employee sponsorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “DACA does have provisions that allow people to get \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-prep-session-4-daca-renewals-and-applying-for-advance-parole/\">advance parole\u003c/a>: when [recipients] are able to travel outside the country for very special reasons, such as educational purposes, medical emergencies or going to visit a family member who is about to pass away,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you can obtain advance parole, Martínez said, that could \u003cem>potentially\u003c/em> improve your chances of improving your situation. If you leave the country, fulfill the purpose of that travel and then reenter on your advance parole, “you are no longer without lawful entry,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a lawful entry on your record may help when applying for a lawful status, she said. “If there are DACAmented people out there who could be eligible for this advance parole,” Martínez said, “this would be the time to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014518\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014518\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1170\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-800x488.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1020x622.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1536x936.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young immigrants and supporters walk holding signs during a rally in support of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) in Los Angeles, California, on Sept. 1, 2017. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How to prepare for Jan. 20 if your family is mixed-status\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A very common situation immigration attorneys see is mixed-status families — when either a parent or spouse lacks permanent legal status while others in the family are citizens or permanent residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, family members with legal status can petition for direct relatives without permanent legal status, said Gilberto Nicolás González, immigration staff attorney at \u003ca href=\"https://www.larazacrc.org/\">La Raza Community Resource Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco. “If you know anybody who’s in your direct family who has any sort of legal status and you don’t, then please talk to them to see if they would be willing to petition for you,” he recommended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something important to keep in mind: in June, \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/biden-parole-place-announcement-helping-mixed-status-families-stay-together\">the Biden administration announced “Parole in Place,”\u003c/a> a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">would have allowed undocumented spouses and stepchildren of American citizens to apply for a green card\u003c/a> without first having to leave the U.S. However, after only a week of accepting applications, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">a federal judge in Texas struck down Parole in Place.\u003c/a> This means that in many situations, spouses without permanent legal status still have to temporarily leave the country if they want to apply for legal status despite already being married to a U.S. citizen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>González adds that there are some small things that families can do to help stay together if a relative is at risk of being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for people to know that they should not publish their locations online,” he said, adding that immigration officials can work with local law enforcement to use information available on social media to track down immigrants who have a deportation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014534\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-800x533.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1020x679.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1536x1023.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families attend a workshop for immigrants without permanent legal status in Coachella, California, during the first Trump term on Feb. 24, 2017. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most cities in the Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/05/555920658/california-governor-signs-sanctuary-state-bill\">the whole state of California\u003c/a> have adopted what is referred to as “sanctuary” laws when local and state officials do not cooperate with federal immigration law enforcement. \u003cspan style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\">However, advocates stress that these policies \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are not perfect shields\u003c/a>.\u003c/span> That’s why they remind folks to avoid situations where they could end up arrested or questioned by law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families should also prepare for the worst, said Cathy Sakimura, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lsc-sf.org/how-we-can-help/\">Legal Services for Children\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based legal aid organization that primarily serves minors who entered the country without their parents. One difficult question adults with children who are U.S. citizens should consider when making an emergency plan is, she said, “Who should care for children if parents are deported?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents may be able to fill out a standby guardianship, for example, or some other kind of estate planning documents around nominating who they would want to take care of their child if something were to happen to them,” Sakimura said. She said that it’s best to talk to a lawyer now about preparing legal and financial documents and how to address specific needs children may have if parents are suddenly placed in the custody of immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Remember, the Constitution still protects you…\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2019, during the last Trump presidency, ICE announced that it would carry out \u003ca href=\"https://www.univision.com/noticias/inmigracion/comienza-el-operativo-de-ice-para-arrestar-a-indocumentados-con-orden-de-deportacion-final\">large-scale raids to detain immigrants who lack permanent legal status across the country\u003c/a>. In most states, ICE detained a few dozen individuals at a time, but in Mississippi, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/07/749243985/mississippi-immigration-raids-net-hundreds-of-workers\">officials arrested hundreds of immigrants working at food processing plants\u003c/a>. At this time, immigrant advocates were on high alert, tracking ICE’s movements around the clock to get information and legal aid to vulnerable individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the organizations that led this effort in California was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">SIREN\u003c/a>, which has consistently held workshops in schools, churches and community centers, letting people know what to do if an ICE agent knocked on their door. Folks who attended these training sessions also received \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/documents/red_card-self_srv-english.pdf\">small red cards in multiple languages that listed their rights during an encounter with ICE\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014479\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg 735w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At training sessions, SIREN hands out small red cards that explain an individual’s rights during an encounter with ICE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even when you are face-to-face with an immigration official, said Tran from SIREN, “the Constitution still applies — and that’s what the red cards are based on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the rights that every person within the United States can utilize because these are rules and expectations that are placed on law enforcement,” he explained, adding that the protections in the Constitution apply regardless of your immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>… and by your community\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are many lessons from the first Trump administration that immigrants lacking permanent legal status — along with their families and advocates — can apply now, Martínez said. “One lesson learned is the importance of community action at the local level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Living in terror is very detrimental to our mental and emotional health,” she said. “We really cannot discount the importance of being in community, to build support systems that are pragmatically really effective, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclusocal.org/en/know-your-rights/california-values-act-sb-54#:~:text=The%20California%20Values%20Act%20(SB,into%20effect%20January%201%2C%202018.\">like sanctuary policies\u003c/a> — but also the unseen part of life, the emotional and psychological impact of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that we are bracing for changes that will not be easy to deal with,” Martínez said. “Ultimately, the real power is with the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that it’s really hard to believe that when you’re an undocumented person, but the real power is really your internal resources to withstand these attacks of fear and not let yourself be in a state of terror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This guide includes reporting from KQED’s Dana Cronin and the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
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"title": "Selected Shorts",
"info": "Spellbinding short stories by established and emerging writers take on a new life when they are performed by stars of the stage and screen.",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
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"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11513,
"candidates": [
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"raceDescription": "Antioch Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 17971,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 10397
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "Martinez Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
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"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 9230,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 6917
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"CCMeasureD": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Measure D",
"raceDescription": "Moraga School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6007,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 4052
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"voteCount": 1955
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 2",
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"raceReadTheStory": "https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/supervisor-2nd-district",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "6:54 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 27, 2024",
"totalVotes": 18466,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7971
},
{
"candidateName": "Heather McPhail Sridharan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4851
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{
"candidateName": "Ryan O'Neil",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"voteCount": 2647
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Simon “Peter” Gutierrez Bufete",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Calyn Kelley",
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{
"candidateName": "Tom Wong",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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{
"candidateName": "Surekha Shekar",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Amanda Pepper",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Jean Paulsen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Patricio R. Urbi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Jatinder (JP) K. Sahi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea2": {
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Melanie Freeberg",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Michelle Parnala",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5229,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lydia Idem",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1960
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Gonzales",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaNewarkUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Newark Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32762,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Aiden Hill",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7728
},
{
"candidateName": "Vikas Minglani",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3727
},
{
"candidateName": "Gabriel Anguiano Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7435
},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Block",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7622
},
{
"candidateName": "Phuong Nguyen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6250
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]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donalyn Harris",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3142
},
{
"candidateName": "Kelly Mokashi",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3959
}
]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6947,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jen Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3309
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlie Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3638
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]
},
"AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Lorenzo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3704,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alicia Gonzalez",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2363
},
{
"candidateName": "Penny Peck",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1341
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]
},
"AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Sunol Glen Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 633,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Jergensen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 264
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Choin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 369
}
]
},
"AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 141989,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John J. Bauters",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 70782
},
{
"candidateName": "Nikki Fortunato Bas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 71207
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 61752,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Trish Herrera Spencer",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12086
},
{
"candidateName": "Thushan Amarasiriwardena",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13049
},
{
"candidateName": "Michele Pryor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16396
},
{
"candidateName": "Greg Boller",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14208
},
{
"candidateName": "Steve Slauson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6013
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaAuditor": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaAuditor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Auditor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27772,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin R. Kearney",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27772
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Treasurer",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27514,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin Kennedy",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27514
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Rent Stabilization Board Commissioner",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 138269,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alfred Twu",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22942
},
{
"candidateName": "Carole Marasovic",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19557
},
{
"candidateName": "Xavier Johnson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26978
},
{
"candidateName": "Avery Arbaugh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19825
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Kelley",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23373
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominique Walker",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25594
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley School Director",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 84804,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Norma J.F. Harrison",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3121
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Corn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30836
},
{
"candidateName": "Laura Babitt",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22061
},
{
"candidateName": "Ana Vasudeo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25743
},
{
"candidateName": "Adbur Sikder",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3043
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25515,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tom Evans",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8278
},
{
"candidateName": "Sherry Hu",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9274
},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Josey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7138
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Costello",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 825
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6133,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael McCorriston",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6133
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4752,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Razi Hasni",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2305
},
{
"candidateName": "John Morada",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2447
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaEmeryvilleCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Emeryville City Council",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10943,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Calvin Dillahunty",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 915
},
{
"candidateName": "Sam Gould",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1318
},
{
"candidateName": "Mia Esperanza Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1829
},
{
"candidateName": "Sukhdeep Kaur",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2265
},
{
"candidateName": "Courtney Welch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2559
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Solomon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2057
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 77400,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rohan Marfatia",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8947
},
{
"candidateName": "Vinnie Bacon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25108
},
{
"candidateName": "Hiu Ng",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6910
},
{
"candidateName": "Raj Salwan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36435
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11787,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Teresa Keng",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7471
},
{
"candidateName": "Pravesh Kumar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1767
},
{
"candidateName": "Ranvir Sandhu",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2549
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15666,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sterling Jefferson Engle",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2966
},
{
"candidateName": "Chandra Wagh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5265
},
{
"candidateName": "Yajing Zhang",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7435
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11269,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Raymond Liu",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5655
},
{
"candidateName": "Teresa Cox",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaHaywardCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaHaywardCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Hayward City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 132561,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tom Wong",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Goldstein",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20029
},
{
"candidateName": "Angela Andrews",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25372
},
{
"candidateName": "Joe O. Ramos",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13217
},
{
"candidateName": "Ray Bonilla Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Tom Ferreira",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Francisco Zermeño",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaLivermoreMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaLivermoreMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Livermore Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 33976,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John Marchand",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33976
}
]
},
"AlamedaLivermoreCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaLivermoreCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Livermore City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10272,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Farley",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Steven Dunbar",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4255
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeff Kaskey",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3170
}
]
},
"AlamedaLivermoreCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "AlamedaLivermoreCityCouncilDistrict4",
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"location": "Alameda",
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},
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"location": "Alameda",
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{
"candidateName": "Jason Miguel",
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{
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaNewarkCityCouncilFullTerm",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
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"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateName": "Conna McCarthy",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "James Green",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Lorrel Plimier",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "N. Sunny Bostrom-Fleming",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaPiedmontBoardofEducation": {
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateName": "Michael Malione",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Max Roman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Victoria Rosenbaum",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Susy Struble",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"candidateName": "Jack Balch",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Karla Brown",
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]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonCityCouncilDistrict2",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Craig Eicher",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Valerie Arkin",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaPleasantonCityCouncilDistrict4",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Matthew B. Gaidos",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Marcus Bourlard",
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{
"candidateName": "Gary Singh",
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]
},
"AlamedaUnionCityCouncilDistrict1": {
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Erin Robertson",
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{
"candidateName": "Lance Nishihira",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "A. Curtis Silva",
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]
},
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{
"candidateName": "Raymond Ojeda",
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]
},
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateName": "Melissa Hernandez",
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{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
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]
},
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Victor E. Flores",
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{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
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{
"candidateName": "Daniel M. Akagi",
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{
"candidateName": "Kenneth Owen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Darshan Saini",
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{
"candidateName": "Dave Sadoff",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaDublinSanRamonServicesDistrictBoardofDirectorsArea3",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Rich Halket",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaEBMUDDistrictDirectorWard5",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Jim Oddie",
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{
"candidateName": "Alex Spehr",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaEBMUDDistrictDirectorWard6",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Valerie Lewis",
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{
"candidateName": "Richard De Vera",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Lynda Deschambault",
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{
"candidateName": "Shane Reisman",
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]
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Luana España",
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{
"candidateName": "Tim McMahon",
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{
"candidateName": "Susan Gonzales",
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]
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 18765,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sabrina Aranda",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 199044,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Louis Manuel Andrade",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Peter Rosen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Kenneth Owen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaLivermoreAreaRecreationParkDistrictDirectors",
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"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 64130,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Bogdanowicz",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "James Boswell",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jacob Vital",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaOroLomaSanitaryDistrictBoardofDirectors",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 59036,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Moira “Mimi” Dean",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Bob Glaze",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5028
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Damaris Villalobos-Galindo",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureK": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureK",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure K",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "No",
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureL": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureL",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureM",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure M",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 76065,
"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "New Haven Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 26526,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17909
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8617
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "Newark Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15697,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10616
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5081
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure P",
"raceDescription": "Piedmont Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7011,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5684
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1327
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "San Lorenzo Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% + 1 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23822,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15832
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7990
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureC": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8966,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6322
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2644
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureR": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureR",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure R",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Business license tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8856,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4216
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4640
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureS": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureS",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure S",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Appoint city manager. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8274,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5508
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2766
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureT": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureT",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure T",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Eliminate bond requirement. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8170,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5793
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2377
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureU": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureU",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure U",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Bonding limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7959,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5697
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2262
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureV": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureV",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure V",
"raceDescription": "Albany. Youth voting. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8767,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5619
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3148
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureW": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureW",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure W",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Property transfer tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51630,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 31461
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20169
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureX": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureX",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure X",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 53242,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41819
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11423
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureY": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureY",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Y",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52536,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39508
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13028
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureZ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureZ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Z",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Sugary drinks and sweetenders tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52929,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 42280
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10649
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureAA": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureAA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure AA",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Spending limit. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52282,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 46394
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5888
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureBB": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureBB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure BB",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52882,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 29623
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23259
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureCC": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureCC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure CC",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51633,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18070
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33563
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureDD": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureDD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure DD",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. CAFO prohibition. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49700,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30761
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18939
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureEE": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureEE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure EE",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52312,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23873
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28439
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureFF": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureFF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure FF",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52489,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 31942
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20547
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureGG": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureGG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure GG",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Fossil fuel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52229,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16178
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36051
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureHH": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureHH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure HH",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Indoor air quality. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51108,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22205
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28903
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureII": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureII",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure II",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Open Space Initiative. Passes with 50% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25701,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13649
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12052
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureJJ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureJJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure JJ",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Government accountability. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25445,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19350
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6095
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureK1": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureK1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure K1",
"raceDescription": "Hayward. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 46707,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 38826
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7881
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureLL": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureLL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure LL",
"raceDescription": "Newark. Transient occupancy tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15814,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12721
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3093
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureMM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureMM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure MM",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Wildfire protection zone. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35275,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25125
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10150
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureNN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureNN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure NN",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Parking tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 159573,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 112971
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 46602
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureOO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureOO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure OO",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Public ethics comission. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 150503,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 110317
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 40186
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasurePP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasurePP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure PP",
"raceDescription": "Pleasanton. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34880,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15983
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18897
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure QQ",
"raceDescription": "Union City. Gross receipts tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24809,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20249
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4560
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7969,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2072
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2150
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 393
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1490
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1864
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7865.9493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1823.9955
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2037.9538
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1633
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1972
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 718
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2773
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6949.5470000000005,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1997.5386
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2569.0084
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2383
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19978
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19633
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11853
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 501
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 528
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49265,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25156
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24109
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6873,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Terry Taplin",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4787
},
{
"candidateName": "Jenny Guarino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2086
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6344,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1526
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1459
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3359
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1833
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4263
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8585,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1063
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1721
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5801
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8262,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1995
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6267
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7332,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brent Blackaby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4405
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Katz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2927
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 143599,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5406
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30485
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4835
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41871
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2254
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39258
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2794
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9695
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5629
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1372
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 127094,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72315
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 54779
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29613,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2581
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22641
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4391
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29252,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24350
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4902
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 20561,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1600
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9871
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1458
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6222
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 609
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 801
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19506,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11437
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8069
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6482
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1930
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3887
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12059,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7120
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4939
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13089,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2063
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4428
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4132
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2466
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12106,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6303
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5803
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137594,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brenda Harbin-Forte",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56752
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Richardson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 80842
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28794,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rachel Latta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22409
},
{
"candidateName": "Benjamin Salop",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6385
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19777,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Dwayne Aikens Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8847
},
{
"candidateName": "VanCedric Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10930
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 5 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12041,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sasha Ritzie-Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5578
},
{
"candidateName": "Patrice Berry",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6463
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 7 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12366,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Clifford Thompson",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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},
"NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Gerald Parrott \r",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
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{
"candidateName": "Carol J. Kalamaras",
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{
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},
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{
"candidateName": "Scott Owens",
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},
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"location": "Napa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Kevin “KDub” West",
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},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Eve Ryser",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3877
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},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5": {
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "David T. Gracia",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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},
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Julianna Hart",
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
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{
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
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"raceType": "top1",
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{
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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]
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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]
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "Hector R. Marroquin",
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{
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]
},
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"id": "NapaYountvilleTownCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
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"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2117,
"candidates": [
{
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{
"candidateName": "Robert Moore",
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{
"candidateName": "Pam Reeves",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
"candidateName": "Eric E. Knight",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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]
},
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 42267,
"candidates": [
{
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{
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"NapaMeasureU": {
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 60783,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Napa",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Education",
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"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
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"voteCount": 168659
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{
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"voteCount": 81044
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{
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"voteCount": 122450
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{
"candidateName": "Parag Gupta",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 139340
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{
"candidateName": "Matt Alexander",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122698
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{
"candidateName": "Supryia Marie Ray",
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"voteCount": 127834
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{
"candidateName": "Virginia Cheung",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 101017
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{
"candidateName": "Min Chang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 48550
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{
"candidateName": "Maddy Krantz",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33165
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]
},
"SFCommunityCollegeBoard": {
"id": "SFCommunityCollegeBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Community College Board",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 823294,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 114132
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{
"candidateName": "Leanna C. Louie",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50353
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{
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"voteCount": 162477
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{
"candidateName": "Julio J. Ramos",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Aliya Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149638
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{
"candidateName": "Ben Kaplan",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 49320
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{
"candidateName": "Alan Wong",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 140951
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Zamora",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 117682
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]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 7",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 161254,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 92729
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{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 68525
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},
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"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 9",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137871,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward Wright",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 86966
},
{
"candidateName": "Joe Sangirardi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50905
}
]
},
"SFMeasureA": {
"id": "SFMeasureA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure A",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 377297,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 282968
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 94329
}
]
},
"SFMeasureB": {
"id": "SFMeasureB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure B",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Community health and safety bond. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376637,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274187
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102450
}
]
},
"SFMeasureC": {
"id": "SFMeasureC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Inspector General position. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 370366,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 225704
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 144662
}
]
},
"SFMeasureD": {
"id": "SFMeasureD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure D",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Commissions and mayoral authority. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 366327,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 158723
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 207604
}
]
},
"SFMeasureE": {
"id": "SFMeasureE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure E",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Commissions task force. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363854,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 192540
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 171314
}
]
},
"SFMeasureF": {
"id": "SFMeasureF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure F",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Police pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 361671,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 163835
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 197836
}
]
},
"SFMeasureG": {
"id": "SFMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure G",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Affordable housing. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 370824,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 217807
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 153017
}
]
},
"SFMeasureH": {
"id": "SFMeasureH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure H",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Firefighter pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 365942,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 192601
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 173341
}
]
},
"SFMeasureI": {
"id": "SFMeasureI",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure I",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Nurse and 911 operator pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363459,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 261318
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102141
}
]
},
"SFMeasureJ": {
"id": "SFMeasureJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure J",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. City spending. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 362785,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 297972
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 64813
}
]
},
"SFMeasureK": {
"id": "SFMeasureK",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure K",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Permanently closing Upper Great Highway to private vehicles. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376489,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 206042
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 170447
}
]
},
"SFMeasureL": {
"id": "SFMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure L",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Transportation network companies tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 369575,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 210375
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 159200
}
]
},
"SFMeasureM": {
"id": "SFMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Business tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 342310,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 237930
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 104380
}
]
},
"SFMeasureN": {
"id": "SFMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Student loan reimbursement. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363432,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 187979
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 175453
}
]
},
"SFMeasureO": {
"id": "SFMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Reproductive rights. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 373249,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 312914
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 60335
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound1": {
"id": "SFMayorRound1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Round 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 390180,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 95117
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72115
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1319
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2079
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2897
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102720
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1791
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 89215
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 812
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11425
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1613
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 412
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8665
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound3": {
"id": "SFMayorRound3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 331477,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149113
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 182364
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35478,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 899
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14755
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16670
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1344
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1810
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16499
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17800
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28758,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8489
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3753
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1565
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 879
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11272
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2800
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25568,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11512
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14056
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29698,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2606
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11840
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 444
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12012
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27818,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14741
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13077
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 37318,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17532
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5135
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1244
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13407
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35412,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18916
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16496
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32731,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13844
}
